BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

•O 

THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES 


ON  THE 


HISTORY  OP  THE  WEST 


TURNER 

AND 

MERK 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES 

ON  THE 

HISTORY  OF  THE  WEST 


BY 

FREDERICK  JACKSON  TURNER 

Lv~ 
AND 

FREDERICK  MERK 


REVISED  EDITION 


CAMBRIDGE 
HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 


T? 

i 


COPYRIGHT,    1922 
BY  F.  J.  TURNER  AND  FREDERICK  MERK 


PRINTED  AT  THE  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.,  U.S.A. 


.croft  Library 
3 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Introductory  Note .    .  3 

Thesis  Topics 7 

SECTION 

I.   Significance  of  the  Frontier 13 

II.   Significance  of  Geographic  Sections 14 

III.  Significance  of  Indian  Occupation 18 

IV.  The  Atlantic  Plains:  the  Virginia  type      18 

V.   The  Occupation  of  New  England  to  1700      21 

VI.   The  Occupation  of  the  Old  West,  1700-1770    ....  24 

VII.   The  French  and  Indian  Barriers,  1600-1765 31 

VIII.   British  Western  Policy,  1763-1775 38 

IX.   The  Crossing  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  Beginnings  of 

Settlement  of  the  Alleghany  Plateaus,  1769-1775    .  40 

X.   The  West  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  1774-1783      .    .  43 

XI.   Government  of  the  West,  1774-1789 47 

XII.   The  West  in  American  Diplomacy  and  the  Louisiana 

Purchase,  1763-1804      48 

XIII.  Land  Policy  and  the  Settlement  of  Western  New  York 

and  the  Ohio  Valley,  1785-1800 52 

XIV.  Indians  and  the  Foreign  Relations  of  the  West,  1804- 

1815 58 

XV.   The  Settlement  of   the  North  Central  states,   1800- 

1850      60 

XVI.   The  Settlement  of  the  South  Central  states  to  1850     .  64 

XVII.    Government  in  the  West,  1800-1850  ........  67 

XVIII.   Slavery  in  the  West,  1787-1850 69 

XIX.   The  Public  Domain,  1800-1850 71 

XX.    Internal  Commerce,  1815-1850 74 

XXI.   Transportation  and  Internal  Improvement,  1816-1850  78 

XXII.   The  Tariff  and  the  West,  1816-1850 84 

XXIII.  Western  Aspects  of  Currency  and  Banking,  1811-1850  86 

XXIV.  Jackson  Democrats,  Clay  Whigs,  and  Harrison  Whigs  89 
XXV.   Development  of  Society  in  the  Mississippi  Valley, 

1830-1850    .  90 


SECTION  PAGE 

XXVI.  Geographic  Provinces  West  of  the  Mississippi      ...     95 

XXVII.  Western  Indians 98 

XXVIII.  Exploration  of  the  Far  West 99 

XXIX.  Trans-Mississippi  Trade,  1812-1850 102 

XXX.  The  Army  on  the  Frontier,  1820-1850 104 

XXXI.  The  Mississippi  Valley  Frontier  about  1840  ....  107 

•XXXII.  Settlement,  Independence,  and  Annexation  of  Texas  .  108 

XXXIII.  The  Occupation  of  Oregon 112 

XXXIV.  The  Mormon  Migration  to  the  Interior  Basin  .    .    .    .116 
XXXV.   The  Occupation  of  California 118 

XXXVI.   The  Mexican  War 121 

XXXVII.  Government  and  Slavery  in  the  New  Territories :  Com- 
promise of  1850 .    124 

XXXVIII.   The  West  and  Slavery,  1850-1860 126 

XXXIX.   The  West  in  the  Civil  War 129 

XL.  Development  of  the  Mining  Frontier,  1859-1876.    .    .    132 

XLI.  The  Indians  and  the  Army  on  the  Frontier,  1850-76  .    133 

XLII.   The  Pacific  Railways  to  1870 134 

XLIII.  Lands  and  Agriculture  in  the  Middle  West,  1860-1880  135 

XLIV.   Grangers  and  Greenbackers  to  1880 138 

XLV.  The  Great  Lakes  and  the  New  Northwest,  1870-1890  139 

XL VI.  The  Great  Plains  and  the  Southwest,  1870-1890     .    .    141 

XLVII.   The  Populists,  1890-1896 143 

XLVIII.   The  New  West,  1900-1910 144 

XLIX.  Combinations  and  the  Development  of  the  West     .    .    148 

L.   Conservation  and  the  West 150 

LI.   The  Progressives 151 

LII.  The  West  in  the  World  War  and  Reconstruction     .    .   153 

LIII.   Contemporaneous  Western  Ideals 155 


LIST  OF  REFERENCES 

ON    THE 

HISTORY  OF  THE  WEST 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE 

READING 

THE  required  reading  of  the  course  on  the  History  of  the 
West  at  Harvard  University  is  at  least  120  pages  a  week. 
This  may  be  selected  from  the  references  here  given.  As  a 
rule,  the  reading  should  be  done  in  advance  of  the  lecture. 
The  General  Readings  consist,  for  the  most  part,  of  the  more 
accessible  general  works  useful  for  following  the  lectures. 
Starred  titles,  for  various  reasons,  are  those  preferred. 
Usually,  but  not  always,  the  books  are  named  in  the  order 
of  their  usefulness  for  the  purposes  of  the  course. 

The  topical  references  and  bibliographies  afford  material 
for  thesis  work  and  for  additional  study.  As  a  rule,  citations 
under  General  Readings  are  not  repeated  for  the  special 
topics,  though  often  important.  Frequently,  the  special 
references  are  more  valuable  than  those  of  the  General 
Readings,  as  they  are  often  essays,  monographs,  or  books 
dealing  more  directly  and  effectively  with  the  subject. 
They  obviate  the  necessity  of  dictating  citations  of  authori- 
ties for  statements  in  the  lectures,  and  enable  the  student  to 
enlarge  his  information. 

All  the  members  of  the  class  are  advised,  therefore,  to 
combine  some  special  with  the  general  reading  each  week. 

FORTNIGHTLY  PAPERS 

Each  undergraduate  member  of  the  course  is  expected  to 
write  a  paper  at  every  regular  fortnightly  exercise,  and  there 
exists  no  system  of  "  make-ups."  In  the  half-year  and  final 
grades,  the  record  of  these  fortnightly  tests  and  of  the 
theses  is  especially  important. 

3 


LIBRARIES 

There  are  at  present  two  libraries  at  Harvard  University 
which  should  be  consulted: 

(1)  History  17  Reservation  in  the  Reading  Room. 

(2)  Harvard  College  Library. 

The  student  should  not  rest  content  with  the  collection  of 
books  in  (1),  which  are  similar  to  those  of  a  small  college, 
when  he  has  at  his  service  the  resources  of  the  great  libraries 
of  Harvard  College,  the  Boston  Public  Library,  etc. 

A  Student  Collection  of  Books 

There  is  no  text-book  or  hand-book  satisfactory  for  the 
whole  course.  The  following  are  required: 

List  of  References  on  the  History  of  the  West. 

A.  K.  Lobeck,  Physiographic  Diagram  of  the  United  States. 
(Small  scale  edition) .  published  by  the  Wisconsin  Geo- 
graphical Press,  Madison,  Wisconsin. 

Single  sheet  relief  map  of  the  United  States,  published 
by  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

One  dozen  small  outline  maps  of  the  United  States. 

The  following  additional  list  constitutes  a  useful  library 
for  the  student  to  own  in  connection  with  the  course: 

Channing,  Hart,  and  Turner,  Guide  to  American  History 

(edition  of  1912;  cited  later  as  Guide). 
F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History;   and  Rise  of 

the  New  West;    and  The    Sections  and  the  Nation, 

United  States,  1830-50.     (In  preparation.) 
Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America. 
F.   Parkman,   France  and   England  in  North   America, 

(Selections,  e.g.,  The  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac.) 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West. 
A.  Henderson,  Conquest  of  the  Old  Southwest. 


G.  S.  Callender,  Selections  from  the  Economic  History 
of  the  United  States. 

Bogart  and  Thompson,  Readings  in  the  Economic  History 
of  the  United  States. 

I.  Lippincott,  Economic  Development  of  the  United 
States. 

P.  J.  Treat,  The  National  Land  System,  1785-1820. 

R.  G.  Wellington,  Political  and  Sectional  Influence  of  the 
Public  Lands,  1828-42. 

G.  M.  Stephenson,  The  Political  History  of  the  Public 
Lands,  1840-62. 

J.  Ise,  United  States  Forest  Policy. 

C.  Goodwin,  The  Trans-Mississippi  West,  1803-53. 

G.  Emerson,  New  Frontier. 

C.  W.  Merriam,  American  Political  Ideas,  1865-1917. 

Statistical  Atlas  of  the  United  States. 

Agricultural  Atlas  of  the  United  States. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  1841-50. 

K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West. 

T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery. 

F.  L.  Paxsori,  Last  American  Frontier;  and  Recent  Ameri- 
can History. 

C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  Our  Natural  Resources. 

Recent  brief  surveys  of  the  history  of  the  United  States 
useful  in  this  course  are  the  following: 

M.  Farrand,  Development  of  the  United  States. 

A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Steps  in  the  Development  of  American 

Democracy. 

Carl  Becker,  United  States,  An  Experiment  in  Democracy. 
A.  Schlesinger,  New  Viewpoints  in  American  History. 

The  volumes  of  the  American  Nation  series  and  of  the 
Chronicles  of  America  often  contain  useful  surveys  of  topics 
treated  in  the  course.  One  of  the  more  recent  school  geog- 
raphies of  the  United  States  will  be  found  helpful  for  maps 
and  description  of  the  geographic  regions, 


THESES 

Thesis  subjects  must  be  selected  by  October  10.  Every 
undergraduate  member  is  further  required  to  sign  for  a 
conference  period  both  in  October  and  November  when 
lists  of  appointments  have  been  posted  outside  the  lecture 
hall.  At  the  second  conference  a  preliminary  draft  of  the 
thesis  should  be  presented  for  discussion. 

The  thesis  must  be  presented  on  or  before  December  19, 
and  petitions  for  extensions  will  not  be  entertained  unless 
for  sickness  or  equally  valid  excuse. 

The  thesis  should  be  about  3000  to  5000  words  in  length, 
and  should  include  an  analytical  table  of  contents,  foot-note 
or  marginal  citation  of  authorities,  giving  volume  and  page 
for  each  important  statement  and  a  classified  bibliography 
of  books  used  with  comments  on  the  usefulness  of  each;  it 
should  be  in  general  good  form. 

Directions  for  note  taking,  thesis  writing,  style  of  manu- 
script, etc.,  are  in  the  following  works  (History  17  Reserva- 
tion —  Bibliography) :  — 

Charming,  Hart,  and  Turner,  Guide  to  the  Study  and 
Reading  of  American  History,  223-226,  232-235. 

S.  S.  Seward,  Note  Taking. 

G.  M.  Dutcher,  Directions  and  Suggestions  for  the 
Writing  of  Essays  or  Theses  in  History  (Middletown, 
Conn.). 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Typographical  Style  Book  (State  Histori- 
cal Society  of  Wisconsin,  Bulletin  of  Information, 
No.  62). 

In  addition  to  this  List  of  References  the  following  bibliog- 
raphies are  useful  in  finding  data  for  theses :  — 

Channing,  Hart  and  Turner,  Guide  (1912).      (Use  table 

of  contents,  index,  §§  21-26,  and  references  under  the 

particular  topic.) 


J.   N.   Lamed,   Literature   of   American   History.      (An- 
notated.) 
J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America. 

(Critical  chapters;  useful  chiefly  prior  to  1787.) 
American  Nation  Series.       (Bibliographical   chapters  in 

the  respective  volumes.) 

G.  G.  Griffin,  "  Bibliography  of  American  Historical  So- 
cieties" [etc.],  in  American  Historical  Association  Re- 
port, 1905,  II. 

Writings  in  American  History.      (Annual  since  1906.) 
Poole's  Index  to  Periodical  Literature. 
Reader's  Guide  to  Periodical  Literature. 

The  three  references  above  together  with  national, 
sectional,  and  local  periodicals,  especially  American 
Historical  Review;  American  Economic  Review; 
American  Political  Science  Review;  and  Mississippi 
Valley  Historical  Review,  enable  the  student  to 
use  recent  publications. 

The  bibliographical  lists  in  monographs  and  books  dealing 
with  the  topic  of  the  thesis  should  also  be  consulted.  The 
instructor  and  assistant  at  office  hours  will  advise  the  stu- 
dent regarding  material.  The  thesis  should  not  be  written 
entirely  from  secondary  works,  and  never  from  one  or  two 
authors. 

Thesis  Topics 

The  following  list  is  intended  to  be  suggestive  only. 
Students  are  encouraged  to  discuss  other  subjects  and 
limitations  of  those  here  enumerated  with  the  instructor  or 
assistant.  The  scope  of  the  thesis  may  be  considerably 
narrowed  where  the  treatment  is  more  intensive  and  is 
based  primarily  upon  original  sources. 

Indian  relations  of  any  one  of  the  following  colonies  for  a  half 
century  or  less :  Virginia;  the  Carolinas ;  Massachusetts;  Connecti- 
cut and  Rhode  Island;  New  York;  Pennsylvania. 


8 

The  history  of  any  one  of  the  following  Indian  tribes  in  the 
period  indicated:  Powhattan  Confederacy,  1607-1660;  Pequots, 
1620-1640;  Nipmucks,  Narragansetts  and  Wampanoags,  1640- 
1680;  Iroquois,  1600-1689;  Iroquois,  1689-1720;  Iroquois,  1720- 
1770;  Iroquois,  1770-1800;  Iroquois,  1800-1830;  Cherokee, 
1660-1740;  Cherokee,  1740-1789;  Cherokee,  1789-1815;  Chero- 
kee, 1815-1840;  Creek,  1740-1789;  Creek,  1789-1815;  Creek, 
1815-1840;  Choctaw,  1700-1790;  Choctaw,  1790-1840;  Sbawnee, 
1750-1790;  Shawnee,  1790-1840;  the  history  of  any  appropriate 
trans-Mississippi  tribe  during  any  period  less  than  a  decade  since 
1860. 

The  history  of  an  appropriate  Indian  war,  or  campaign,  or 
state  or  federal  relations  of  Indians  during  a  period  to  be  agreed 
upon. 

The  history  of  an  important  Indian  treaty. 

One  of  the  following  institutions  for  a  period  and  region  to  be 
agreed  upon:  the  mission;  the  fur  trading  post;  the  Indian  school; 
the  Indian  agency;  the  pioneer  " association." 

The  career  of  a  Western  explorer,  or  some  phase  of  it  in  more 
detail  from  the  sources,  e.g..  Peter  Pond  and  Jonathan  Carvqr  as 
New  England  types  of  adventurers. 

The  career  of  a  Western  land  speculator,  e.g.,  Byrd,  Spotswood, 
Washington,  Henderson. 

The  career  of  a  Western  merchant,  e.g.,  George  Morgan,  Oliver 
Pollack. 

The  settlement  of  any  trans- Alleghany  state  during  two  decades. 

The  rise  and  growth  of  any  city  in  relation  to  the  tributary 
West  during  two  decades. 

Description  of  the  frontier  in  1660,  1700,  1760,  1790,  or  any 
subsequent  census  year. 

The  relation  of  the  immigration  of  any  foreign  people  to  the 
West  in  any  one  or  two  decades. 

The  characteristics  and  influence  of  the  New  England  element 
in  the  settlement  of  a  Western  state;  the  German  element;  the 
Scandinavian  element;  the  Chinese;  Japanese,  etc. 

Interstate  migration:  composition  of  population  in  a  Western 
state;  study  of  Western  migrations  from  a  particular  section;  the 
Oregon  migrations,  1840-50;  the  Mormon  migrations;  the  Cali- 
fornia migration;  the  Southern  upland  migrations  to  the  North- 
west; to  the  Gulf  basin;  the  Texas  migration. 

The  Westward  advance  of  the  negro,  1800-30,  or  1830-50. 

Slavery  in  any  appropriate  trans-Alleghany  state, 


Military:  the  military  frontier  at  any  appropriate  date,  as 
1690;  1760;  1775;  1812;  1840,  etc.;  operations  of  the  United 
States  army  in  the  West  during  a  decade;  a  Western  campaign 
against  the  Indians;  characteristics  of  colonial  rangers  and  garrison 
houses;  the  frontier  " station7';  the  Western  army  post;  a  Western 
campaign  in  one  of  the  American  wars,  e.g.,  Vicksburg;  the  West  in 
the  World  War. 

Public  Domain:  the  use  of  public  lands  in  the  settlement  of  its 
frontier  by  any  colony;  land  cessions  to  the  federal  government 
by  any  ceding  state;  federal  land  legislation  and  administration, 
as:  the  Land  Ordinance  of  1785;  Federal  land  policy  in  Ohio; 
Federal  land  legislation  in  any  two  decades;  or  during  a  given 
congress;  the  attitude  of  the  West  toward  a  selected  proposal  of 
legislation  regarding  the  public  domain,  e.g.,  preemption;  gradua- 
tion and  donation;  relinquishment;  homestead,  etc.;  the  origin 
or  practical  working  of  the  homestead  law;  origin  of  the  system 
of  land  grants  to  railroads;  the  history  of  a  particular  land  grant 
to  a  railroad;  the  reclamation  act;  squatter,  or  land  claims  asso- 
ciations. 

Pioneer  agriculture:  in  any  Western  state  during  one  or  two 
decades;  farming  in  a  forest  clearing;  farming  in  a  region  of  forest 
and  prairie;  prairie  farming;  economics  of  a  plantation  in  the  cotton 
belt. 

Cattle  industry  in  relation  to  the  Western  movement  at  any 
appropriate  period  since  1650;  the  institutional  history  of  a  cattle 
ranch;  fencing  the  public  domain;  cattle  and  sheep  wars. 

Internal  commerce:  the  Western  trade  of  one  of  the  principal 
cities  for  an  appropriate  two  decades;  any  natural  trade  area  in 
the  West  and  its  outlets  for  surplus  products,  as :  the  Ohio  river 
trade  to  1840;  the  Mississippi  river  trade  to  1840;  or  1840-60; 
the  Great  Lakes  trade,  to  1840,  or  1840-60,  or  1870-90,  or  1890- 
1910;  Santa  Fe  trade;  Rocky  Mountain  fur  trade;  the  lead 
trade,  etc. 

Transportation  and  internal  improvements:  history  of  internal 
improvement  legislation  in  a  selected  congress;  history  of  an  in- 
ternal improvement  bill  in  detail;  history  of  an  internal  improve- 
ment undertaking,  as  the  Cumberland  Road;  Erie  Canal;  Ohio 
Canals;  Pennsylvania  Canals;  the  wagon  trade  between  the  At- 
lantic and  the  Ohio;  steamboat  navigation  in  a  selected  period 
or  region;  a  railroad  system,  or  the  railroad  history  of  a  Western 
state  for  one  or  two  decades;  a  study  of  Eastern  financiering 
of  a  Western  railroad;  the  career  of  a  Western  railroad  president; 


10 

railroad  influence  on  the  politics  of  a  Western  state  in  a  given 
period. 

Manufacture :  the  rise  of  manufactures  in  a  given  Western  state 
or  region;  or  of  a  particular  manufacture. 

Lumber  industry:  the  history  of  the  exploitation  of  the  forests 
of  a  Western  state  or  region  in  a  selected  period;  the  relation  of 
lumber  industry  to  the  federal  land  policy;  the  lumber  camp  as  a 
Western  institution. 

Mining:  the  history  of  a  "  mining  rush  ";  the  effects  of  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  California;  of  gold  and  silver  in  the  Rocky 
Mountains;  in  Alaska;  the  history  of  mining  in  any  Western  state; 
the  mining  camp  as  a  Western  institution;  characteristics  of  a 
Western  miners'  strike;  Eastern  financiering  of  a  Western  mine;  the 
relation  of  mining  to  Federal  land  laws. 

Banking  and  currency  in  a  Western  state  in  one  or  two  decades; 
the  Western  relations  of  the  second  national  bank;  attitude  of  the 
West  toward  a  selected  banking  or  currency  bill;  or  on  currency 
and  banking  during  an  appropriate  period. 

Tariff:  attitude  of  the  West  toward  a  given  tariff;  attitude  of  a 
Western  state  toward  tariff  legislation  in  an  appropriate  period. 

Western  aspects  of  an  American  statesman  or  political  leader, 
as:  Spotswood;  Washington;  Franklin;  Jefferson;  Wilkinson; 
Burr;  Calhoun;  Benton;  Douglas;  Bryan;  La  Follette,  etc. 

Western  political  foundations:  the  Ordinance  of  1784;  the 
Ordinance  of  1787;  the  West  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1787;  the  governor  in  any  territory;  the  political  and  govern- 
mental history  of  a  Western  territory;  the  admission  of  any  West- 
ern state. 

Western  politics:  the  attitude  of  the  West  in  any  presidential 
election;  characteristics  of  Western  Whigs  in  a  decade;  of  Western 
Democrats;  the  Granger  movement;  the  Western  aspects  of  the 
Greenback  movement;  the  Populists;  Western  Progressives; 
political  history  of  any  Western  state  during  a  decade;  biography 
of  a  Western  state  governor,  e.g.,  La  Follette;  Folk;  Cummins; 
recent  Farmers'  movements,  as  the  Nonpartisan  League;  the  Farm 
Bureau  Federation;  the  Farmers'  Bloc;  Western  constitutional 
conventions,  1790-1821;  1840-51;  1889-91. 

Foreign  relations:  the  relation  of  the  collision  of  frontiers  to 
diplomatic  history,  e.g.,  English-French;  Spanish-French;  Spanish- 
Russian;  American-Spanish;  and  Mexican;  American-English. 
The  West  in  the  treaty  discussions,  1777-83;  the  Mississippi  Valley 
in  diplomacy,  1783-89;  1789-96;  1796-1804;  the  boundary  of  the 


11 

Louisiana  purchase;  the  political  influence  of  the  Louisiana  pur- 
chase; Genet's  intrigue  with  the  West;  Spanish  Western  policy, 
1777-96;  English  Western  policy,  1781-1800;  the  Western  aspects 
of  Jay's  treaty;  Burr's  conspiracy;  New  England's  attitude  toward 
the  West,  1796-1816;  the  Oregon  question  to  1830;  1830  to  1846; 
the  Texas  question  (to  be  subdivided);  the  California  question;  the 
West  in  the  diplomacy  of  the  Mexican  war;  the  diplomatic  influence 
of  the  Pacific  coast  at  any  appropriate  period. 

Education:  the  common  schools  of  a  Western  state  for  one  or 
two  decades;  history  of  higher  education  in  a  Western  state  for 
a  decade;  characteristics  of  education  in  a  Western  section  for  a 
decade,  e.g.,  the  North  Central  states;  the  origin  of  the  State  uni- 
versity; the  history  of  a  Western  college  or  university;  contribu- 
tions of  New  England  to  Western  education  in  an  appropriate 
period;  of  the  South. 

Literature:  the  literary  contributions  of  a  Western  state,  e.g., 
Indiana,  or  California;  a  Western  region  in  literature,  e.g.,  the 
Prairies;  the  Great  Plains;  the  Rocky  Mountains;  the  Arid 
Region;  the  influence  of  the  West  upon  an  Eastern  group  of  authors, 
e.g.,  Emerson,  Whitman  and  Longfellow;  Cooper,  Sealsfield  and 
Wister;  Ohio  Valley  periodicals  and  newspapers  prior  to  1840; 
the  work  of  western  authors  by  groups,  e.g.,  James  Hall,  Timothy 
Flint,  and  John  Mason  Peck;  Joaquin  Miller,  and  Robert  W.  Serv- 
ice; BretHarte;  Mark  Twain;  Ho  wells;  Edward  Eggleston ;  Hamlin 
Garland;  Frank  Norris;  Zona  Gale;  Sinclair  Lewis;  Booth  Tark- 
ington;  Edgar  Lee  Masters;  Vachel  Lindsay;  Sidney  Anderson; 
Mary  S.  Watts;  W.  S.  Gather;  J.  G.  Neihardt;  the  West  in  New 
England  books  and  periodicals  in  a  given  period;  a  comparison  of 
New  England  historians  of  the  West,  e.g.,  Parkman,  Winsor,  and 
Roosevelt.  Examine  in  these  topics  the  correctness  of  characteriza- 
tions, narration,  local  color. 

Religion:  Indian  missions  in  a  period,  e.g.,  the  Jesuits;  the 
Moravians;  New  England  Indian  missions;  missions  in  any 
Western  state;  the  Home  Missions  movement  during  an  appropriate 
period,  or  in  a  region;  the  Western  activity  of  any  denomination 
in  an  appropriate  decade;  Western  religious  institutions,  e.g., 
the  camp-meeting;  the  circuit  rider;  a  denominational  college; 
New  England  contributions  to  Western  church  activities  in  an 
appropriate  period;  Mormon  history  in  any  decade,  e.g.,  the 
Mormons  and  irrigation;  the  expansion  of  the  Mormons  from 
Salt  Lake  City. 


12 

Geographical  interpretations  of  Western  history:  the  interpre- 
tation of  a  region  in  one  or  two  decades,  e.g.,  the  Great  Lakes;  the 
Ohio  Valley;  the  Gulf  Plains;  the  limestone  areas,  etc.  This 
group  of  topics  is  suitable  for  students  who  have  taken  a  college 
course  in  geography. 

Students  are  encouraged  to  propose  specific  Western  problems  as 
thesis  topics:  e.g.,  why  did  Douglas  support  the  repeal  of  the 
Missouri  compromise  ?  What  was  Calhoun's  attitude  toward 
expansion,  1840-50?  What  was  the  attitude  of  northern  Demo- 
crats in  1840-50  toward  expansion  ?  What  was  the  origin  of  the 
Book  of  Mormon?  In  what  fields  did  the  children  of  pioneers  dis- 
tinguish themselves?  (Use  Who's  Who  for  present  day  leaders.)  In 
a  given  Congress,  what  do  the  biographies  of  its  members  show  with 
reference  to  nativity  a'nd  family  migration? 


13 

I.   SIGNIFICANCE  OF  THE  FRONTIER 

General  Reading 

*F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  1-36;  205,  243, 
311. 

E.  L.  Godkin,  Problems  of  Modern  Democracy,  ch.  1. 

E.  C.  Semple,  Influence  of  Geographic  Environment,  ch.  7. 

Woodrow  Wilson,  "  Making  of  the  Nation,"  in  Atlantic 
Monthly,  LXXX,  1;  and  "  Proper  Perspective  of  Ameri- 
can History,"  in  Forum,  XIX,  544. 

H.  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  ch.  6. 

H.  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  ch.  1. 

G.  Emerson,  New  Frontier. 

Roscoe  Pound,  Spirit  of  the  Common  Law,  ch.  5. 

J.  W.  Thompson,  "  Fields  for  Investigation  in  Mediaeval 
History,"  in  American  Historical  Review,  XVIII,  494. 

C.  R.  Fish,  " Frontier,  a  World  Problem,"  in  Wisconsin 
Magazine  of  History,  I,  121. 

N.  L.  Sims,  Rural  Community,  121-129. 

J.  M.  Gillett,  Constructive  Rural  Sociology. 

C.  L.  Skinner  (Ed.),  Stories  of  the  Backwoods. 

Maps  of  the  Frontier  Line 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  510  (1660) ; 

II  (1760);  III,  528  (1790). 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  United  States,  II,  398  (1660). 
Census  Atlas,  1900  (1790-1900). 
C.  R.  Fish,  Development  of  American  Nationality,  438. 


14 

« 

II.   SIGNIFICANCE  OF  GEOGRAPHIC  SECTIONS 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  30-35,  96-97. 

*J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions  of  United  States,  in 
National  Geographic  Monographs. 

N.  M.  Fenneman,  "  Physiographic  Divisions  of  the  United 
States/7  in  Annals  of  Association  of  American  Geog- 
raphers, VI,  19-98  (the  geographer's  mapping  of  the 
sections);  see  also,  VII,  3-15. 

*A.  K.  Lobeck,  Physiographic  Diagram  of  the  United  States. 

United  States  Census,  1910,  V,  Appendix  A,  893. 

F.  J.  Turner,  "  Is  Sectionalism  in  America  Dying  Away  ?  " 
in  American  Journal  of  Sociology  (March,  1908),  XIII, 
661;  and  "  Geographical  Influences  in  American  Political 
History,"  in  Bulletin  of  the  American  Geographical 
Society,  XLVI,  591;  and  "  Sectionalism/'  in  Mc- 
Laughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern- 
ment, III,  280;  and  Frontier  in  American  History,  68, 
126,  157,  177. 

J.  Royce,  "  Provincialism/7  in  Race  Questions. 

A.  Schlesinger,  New  Viewpoints  in  American  History,  ch.  2. 

W.  M.  Davis,  in  Mill,  International  Geography,  664-678 
and  715-750. 

A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences  in  American  History; 
and  " Physics  and  Politics/'  in  McLaughlin  and  Hart, 
Cyclopedia  of  American  Government,  II,  684. 

E.  Huntington,  The  Red  Man's  Continent. 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Con- 
ditions. 

Jean  Brunhes,  Human  Geography  (English  version  1920); 
and  La  geographic  de  1'histoire  (discussion  of  the  influ- 
ence of  regional  geography  in  general). 

L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  1-70. 


15 

C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  208- 
211  and  268-277. 

Forest  and  Arable  Lands 

I.  Bowman,  Forest  Physiography.  (More  extensive  than 
title  indicates.) 

United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Forest  Service 
Circular,  166. 

United  States  Census  of  1880,  IX  (Forests)  (with  maps). 

E.  Bruckner,  "The  Settlement  of  the  United  States  as  Con- 
trolled by  Climate  and  Climate  Oscillations, "  in  Trans- 
continental Excursion  of  1912  of  American  Geographical 
Society.  (Influence  of  climatic  oscillations.) 

A.  J.  Henry,  "Climatology  of  United  States/7  in  Weather 
Bureau  Bulletin  No.  361. 

J.  Muir,  Our  National  Parks,  ch.  1. 

O.  E.  Baker  and  H.  M.  Strong,  "Arable  Lands  in  the  United 
States,"  in  Yearbooks  of  Department  of  Agriculture, 
1918,  No.  771  and  separately. 

O.  E.  Baker,  "The  Increasing  Importance  of  Physical  Con- 
ditions in  Determining  the  Utilization  of  Land  for  Agri- 
cultural and  Forest  Production  in  the  United  States,"  in 
Annals  of  Association  of  American  Geographers,  XI,  17- 
46;  see  also,  31 

J.  L.  Rich,  "Cultural  Features,"  in  Geographical  Review, 
IV,  297. 

Climate 

E.  Huntington,  Climate  and  Civilization. 

R.  De  C.  Ward,  "Climatic  Subdivisions  in  the  United  States," 

in  Bulletin  American  Geographical  Society,  XL VII,  672- 

680  (with  maps). 

Population 

E.  M.  East,  "Agricultural  Limits  of  our  Population,"  in 
Popular  Science  Monthly,  XII,  551. 


16 

M.  Aurousseau,  " Distribution  of  Population/7  in  Geo- 
graphical Review,  XI,  563. 

C.  R.  Dryer,  "Mackinder's  World  Island  and  its  American 
Satellite,"  in  Geographical  Review,  IX,  205. 

Political  Sections 

F.  J.  Turner,  Sections  and  Nation,  United  States,  1830-50. 

(In  preparation.) 

A.  W.  Small,  General  Sociology,  282-283  n. 
F.  H.  Giddings,  "  Conduct  of  Political  Majorities,"  Political 

Science  Quarterly,  VII,  116;    and  Inductive  Sociology, 

285,  293. 
A.  Johnson,    "  The  Nationalizing  Influence  of   Party,"  in 

Yale  Review,  1906. 
A.  L.  Lowell,  "  Influence  of  Party  upon  Legislation,"  in 

American  Historical  Association  Report,  1901,  I,  321. 
E.  Krehbiel,  "  Geographical  Influences  in  British  Elections," 

in  Geographical  Review,  II,  419-432  (with  map). 

Maps 

See  references  to  maps  in  the  citations  above.    The  United 

States   Government   publishes  many  useful   maps,   among 

them  are  the  following: 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  contour  map  of  the  United 
States  in  two  sheets;  the  same  on  a  small  scale  in  one 
sheet,  Topographic  Map  of  the  United  States  issued  in 
" Quadrangles,"  useful  for  details  of  localities;  " Geo- 
logic Map  of  North  America,"  in  Geologic  Professional 
Papers,  No.  71,  part  2. 

Statistical  Atlas  of  the  United  States  (the  maps  for  the  vari- 
ous censuses  illustrate  the  relations  between  human  and 
physical  geography). 

United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Office  of  Farm 
Management,  base  maps  of  United  States  by  counties, 
by  decades,  1840  to  the  present  (useful  in  plotting  votes 


17 

and  statistical  data  by  counties  in  successive  periods); 
the  same  department  is  publishing  the  Atlas  of  American 
Agriculture,  in  separate  parts,  essential  for  understanding 
the  distribution  and  volume  of  agricultural  production  in 
successive  decades. 

The  United  States  Land  Office,  map  of  the  United  States, 
showing  surveys,  Indian,  Military,  and  Forestry  Reserva- 
tions;  National  Forests  Map;  part  of  the  United  States 
west  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Among    the    school    geographies    useful    for    the    course 

are  Harper's  Atlas  of  American  History,  Atwood,  McMurray- 

Parkins,  Brigham-McFarlane,  and  Smith. 

J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions. 

United  States  Census  Atlas. 

C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  267 
(regions),  211  (forests). 

I.  Bowman,  Forest  Physiography,  passim. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  Report  XIV  (geologic 
system) . 

C.  C.  Adams,  Commercial  Geography,  52,  53  (sectional 
maps). 

K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  United  States,  frontis- 
piece (relief  map). 

John  W.  Harshberger,  "  Phytogeographic  Survey  of  North 
America,"  in  Die  Vegetation  der  Erde,  XIII  (map  at 
end). 

Annals  of  the  Association  of  American  Geographers;  Bulletin 
of  the  American  Geographical  Society;  Geographical 
Review;  American  Geographical  Magazine;  Journal  of 
Geography;  contain  articles  and  lists  of  new  publications 
important  for  understanding  the  relation  of  regional 
geography  to  the  history  of  the  United  States. 
Special  references  to  particular  regions  will  be  found  in  the 

sections  which  follow  in  this  list  of  references, 


18 

III.   SIGNIFICANCE  OF  INDIAN  OCCUPATION 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  99. 
*L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  70-262;  especially 

chs.  6,  10,  11  and  13-17;  ch.  18  gives  useful  bibliography. 
Clark  Wissler,  American  Indian. 

C.  Thomas,  Indians  of  North  America  in  Historic  Times. 
Handbook  of  North  American  Indians,  in  Bulletin  of  Bureau 

of  American  Ethnology,  No.  30. 
C.  J.  Kappler  (Ed.),  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties  (2d 

edition). 

F.  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  I,  ch.  1. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  chs.  3,  4. 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  111  (sec.  68),  289  (sec.  168). 

Maps 

Handbook  of  North  American  Indians,  Bulletin  of  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology,  No.  30.  The  map  is  important  as 
showing  both  the  regional  distribution  of  the  Indians  and 
the  barrier  which  the  various  tribes  made  to  the  advance 
of  the  frontier. 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  United  States,  I,  356  (general) ;  II, 
45  (South  Atlantic);  123  (North  Atlantic) ;  III,  181  (east 
of  Mississippi  River,  1710-1720). 

L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  90-91. 

Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
XVIII  (maps  and  references  on  Indian  cessions). 

IV.   THE  ATLANTIC  PLAINS:  THE  VIRGINIA  TYPE 

Note.  The  Atlantic  coast  was  the  first  frontier.  The  following 
references  on  Virginia,  and  especially  the  James  River,  exhibit  one 
line  of  the  southern  advance  to  the  Piedmonf.  Similar  studies 
should  be  made  for  the  Carolinas  and  for  the  Middle  Atlantic  states, 


19 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  114-116. 

*H.  L.  Osgood,  The  American  Colonies  in  the  Seventeenth 
Century,  I,  23-97;  III,  242-293. 

E.  P.  Cheyney,  "Some  English  Conditions  Surrounding  the 
Settlement  of  Virginia, "  in  American  Historical  Review, 
XII,  507. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  143-240; 
II,  81-91. 

Mary  Johnston,  Pioneers  of  The  Old  South,  10-114;  132-190. 

P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia  in  the  Seven- 
teenth Century  (index);  and  Institutional  History  of 
Virginia  in  the  Seventeenth  Century  (index). 

J.  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  I,  41-253;  II,  1-107. 

L.  G.  Tyler,  England  in  America,  chs.  3-6  (map,  76). 

A.  Brown,  Genesis  of  the  United  States;  and  First  Republic. 

Virginia  Geography 

P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia,  I,  71-139. 
G.  T.  Surface,  Studies  in  the  Geography  of  Virginia. 
R.  Beverly,  History  of  Virginia,  Book  II,  ch.  3. 

Virginia  Indians 

P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia,  I,  140-188;  and 
Institutional  History  of  Virginia,  II,  71-123. 

H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  III  (index,  s.v.  "  Indians/' 
537). 

Virginia  Magazine  of  History  and  Biography,  VII,  337; 
XIII  (index). 

W.  W.  Hening,  Statutes. 

E.  M.  Avery,  United  States,  II,  45;  III,  180  (maps). 


20 


Virginia  Land  System 

P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic  History  of  Virginia,  I,  486-571. 

E.  Ingle,  "  Local  Institutions  in  Virginia,"  in  Johns  Hopkins 

Studies,  III,  123-149. 

H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  26,  73-77,  83-91;  II,  17. 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Writings  of  Colonel  William  Byrd,  pp.  x-xii, 

xxiii. 
T.  J.  Wertenbaker,  Patrician  and  Plebeian  in  Virginia. 

Frontier  Influence  on  Virginia  Local  Government 

See  general  references  above. 
E.  Ingle,  in  Johns  Hopkins  Studies,  III. 
G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States  (index,  s.  v.  "  Virginia/7  525). 

Frontier  Democracy:    Bacon's  Rebellion 

T.  J.  Wertenbaker,  Virginia  under  the  Stuarts. 
H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  III,  242-292. 
E.  Charming,  History  of  United  States,  II,  79-93. 
J.  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  45-107. 
C.  M.  Andrews,  Colonial  Self  Government,  ch.  14. 

Aspects  of  the  Virginia  frontier  toward  the  close  of  the  seven- 
teenth century.  (Fur  trade;  cattle  ranching;  defense; 
agriculturet  etc.) 

P.  A.  Bruce,  Economic   History  of  Virginia   (index);  and 

Institutional  History  of  Virginia,  II,  97-122. 
C.  W.  Alvord  and  L.  Bidgood,  First  Explorations  of  the 

Trans-Allegheny  Region,  26-51,  90-94. 
W.  Byrd,  Writings,  27,  38,  41,  44,  90-91,  107. 
A.  J.  Morrison,  "  Virginia  Indian  Trade  to  1673,"  in  William 

and  Mary  College  Quarterly,  October,  1921,  and  later 

numbers. 


21 


Maps  of  Virginia  Settlement 

*L.  G.  Tyler,  England  in  America,  76,  99. 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  United  States,  II,  398. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  510. 

Carolina  Fur-trading  and  Ranching  Frontiers 

V.  Crane,  "The  Tennessee  River  as  the  Road  to  Carolina: 
Beginning  of  Exploration  and  Trade/'  in  Mississippi  Val- 
ley Historical  Review,  III,  3;  and  Southern  Frontier  of 
the  English  Colonies,  1670-1732.  (In  preparation.) 

E.  Emmons,  Swamp  Lands  of  North  Carolina. 

J.  H.  Logan,  Upper  South  Carolina. 

J.  Lawson,  History  of  North  Carolina.     Introduction. 

P.  C.  J.  Weston,  Documents  on  South  Carolina,  83,  87-89. 

North  Carolina  Colonial  Records  (consult  the  index). 

V.  THE  OCCUPATION  OF  NEW  ENGLAND  TO  1700 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  127-143. 
*J.  T.  Adams,  The  Founding  of  New  England,  chs.  1,  6,  8,  9- 

10,  12;  and  page  373. 

*L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  chs.  2-5. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  .298-429; 

11,  76-79. 

H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  105-153,  301-331,  392- 

466,  496-576. 
W.  B.  Weeden,  Economic  and  Social  History  of  New  England 

(index). 
Buffinton,  "New  England  and  the  Western  Fur  Trade,"  in 

Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts  Publications,  XVIII, 

160. 


Geography 

*W.  M.  Davis,  Physical  Geography  of  Southern  New 
England,  in  National  Geographic  Monographs. 

*A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences  in  American  His- 
tory, ch.  2. 

N.  S.  Shaler,  in  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  I,  ch.  1;  and 
United  States,  I. 

Indians 

*H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  527-532,  543. 

J.  Winsor,  Narrative   and  Critical  History  of   America,  I, 

322;  III,  360. 

H.  M.  Sylvester,  Indian  Wars  of  New  England. 
G.  Sheldon,  Deerfield,  I,  ch.  4. 
C.  Orr  (Ed.),  Pequot  War. 

G.  W.  Ellis  and  J.  E.  Morris,   King  Philip's  War. 
J.  W.  De  Forest,  Indians  of  Connecticut. 
J.  G.  Palfrey,  History  of  New  England,  I,  chs.  1-2. 
F.  W.  Gookin,  Daniel  Gookin. 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States  (maps),  II,  123, 
311,  398;  III,  112,  116,  117,  181. 

Genesis  of  New  England  Town 

C.  F.  Adams,  A.  C.  Goodell,  Jr.,  M.  Chamberlain  and 
E.  Channing,  "  Genesis  of  the  New  England  Town,"  in 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society  Proceedings,  2d  Series, 
VII. 

J.  Parker,  "  The  Origin,  Organization,  and  Influence  of  the 
Towns  of  New  England,"  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society  Proceedings,  1st  Series,  IX  (1866-67). 

A.  McF.  Davis,  "  Corporations  in  the  Days  of  the  Colony," 
in  Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts  Publications,  I. 

F.  W.  Maitland,  Township  and  Borough,  16. 
H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  426-428. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  421. 


H.  B.  Adams,  "  Germanic  Origin  of  New  England  Towns," 

in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  I. 
G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 

States,  I,  50. 

Puritan  Compact  Applied  to  Vacant  Lands 

L.  K.  Mathews,  "  The  Mayflower  Compact  and  its  Descen- 
dants," in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association 
Proceedings,  VI,  79. 

A.  Lord,  "The  Mayflower  Compact/'  in  American  Anti- 
quarian Society  Proceedings,  New  Series,  XXX,  part  2, 
278. 

C.  Borgeaud,  Rise  of  Modern  Democracy. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  191. 

See  town  covenants,  e.  g.,  in  New  Hampshire  Provincial 
Papers,  1,  110,  126,  132;  Burt,  First  Century  of  the 
History  of  Springfield,  I;  for  Plymouth  Compact  and 
Fundamental  Orders  of  Connecticut,  see  MacDonald, 
Select  Charters,  33,  60;  and  Source  Book,  19,  36. 

Compare  squatter  sovereignty  doctrines :  e.  g. : 

F.  J.  Turner,  in  American  Historical  Review,  I,  72,  76-77, 
266;    A.  Johnson,   "  Genesis  of  Popular  Sovereignty," 
in  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics,  III,  1. 

Land  System 

*A.  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  of  our  National  Land 
System,  15,  28-37,  109-111. 

*H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  ch.  11. 

*M.  Eggleston,  "  Land  System  of  the  New  England  Col- 
onies," in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  IV. 

S.  A.  Green,  Records  of  Groton. 

J.  C.  Gray  (Ed.),  Massachusetts  Reports,  IX,  503,  note. 

J.  Schafer,  Origin  of  System  of  Land  Grants  for  Education, 
ch.  4. 

F.  J.  Turner,  "  First  Official  Frontier  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay,"  in  Frontier  in  American  History,  39. 


24 

Western  Aspects  of  the  New  England  Union 

J.  T.  Adams,  Founding  of  New  England,  152-153. 

Records  of  the  Colony  of  New  Plymouth,  IX,  X.  (These 
records  of  the  commissioners  are  interpreted  in  Winthrop, 
New  England;  and  Hutchinson,  Massachusetts.  See  also 
Buffinton,  in  Colonial  Society  of  Massachusetts  Publi- 
cations, XVIII,  160.) 

Expansion  of  Settlement  in  New  England 

*L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  chs.  2-5. 
G.  W.  Ellis  and  J.  E.  Morris,  King  Philip's  War,  ch.  1. 

King  Philip's  War 

*G.  W.  Ellis  and  J.  E.  Morris,  King  Philip's  War. 

*H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  ch.  14. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  77-79,  92. 

J.  Fiske,  Beginnings  of  New  England,  ch.  5. 

G.  M.  Bodge,  Soldiers  in  King  Philip's  War. 

H.  M.  Sylvester,  Indian  Wars  of  New  England. 

W.  E.  Barry,  The  Blockhouse  and  the  Stockaded  Fort. 

VI.   THE  OCCUPATION  OF  THE  OLD  WEST,  1700-1770 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §162. 

*F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  39-125. 
Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  ch.  17. 
A.  Henderson,  Conquest  of  the  Old  Southwest,  3-41. 
*T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  5. 
L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England. 
E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  ch.  14. 
J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  166-170,  177-182,  229-230. 
J.  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  310-323,  370-399;  and  Dutch  and 

Quaker  Colonies,  II,  330,  349-355. 
E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  ch.  14. 


25 


Geography 

J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  76-80. 
A.  K.  Lobeck,  Physiographic  Diagram,  "The  Older  Appa- 
lachians" (Piedmont). 

A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences  in  American  History, 
ch.  3. 

B.  Willis,  Northern  Appalachians,  in  National  Geographic 
Monographs. 

W.  M.  Davis,  "  Rivers  and  Valleys  of  Pennsylvania  "  in 
National  Geographic  Magazine,  I,  183. 

C.  B.  Trego,  Geography  of  Pennsylvania. 

W.  S.  Tower,  Regional  and  Economic  Geography  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  1-2. 

G.  T.  Surface,  Studies  in  the  Geography  of  Virginia. 

Bassett,  in  American  Historical  Association  Report,  1894, 
144-147. 

Schaper,  "  Sectionalism  in  South  Carolina/7  in  American 
Historical  Association  Report,  1900,  I,  256-257. 

L.  C.  Glenn,  in  Journal  of  School  Geography,  II,  9-15, 
85-92. 

G.  R.  Gilmer,  Sketches  of  Some  of  the  First  Settlers  of 
Upper  Georgia. 

Piedmont  Indians 

J.  Mooney,  "  Siouan  Tribes  of  the  East/7  in  Bulletin  of 

Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  No.  22. 
E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  45;  III,  180- 

181,  237  (maps). 
Virginia   Magazine   of   History,    XIII    (Virginia    Indians); 

V-VI  (Tuscarora  War). 
H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  II,  429. 
Spotswood  Letters  in  Virginia  Historical  Collections,  I-II 

(index). 
Minutes  of  Provincial  Council  of  Pennsylvania,  III. 


26 

E.  McCrady,  History  of  South  Carolina  under  Proprietary 

Government,  531  (Yamassee  War). 
Charleston  Year  Book,  IX  (Yamassee  War). 
W.  R.  Smith,  South  Carolina,  182,  208. 
J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  61-98,  160-192. 
W.  K.  Boyd,  and  J.  G.  Hamilton,  Syllabus  of  North  Carolina 

History,  23,  31. 

Exploration  of  Piedmont  and  Valley 

*C.  W.  Alvord  and  L.  Bidgood,  First  Explorations  of  the 

Trans-Allegheny  Region. 

J.  S.  Bassett,  Writings  of  Colonel  William  Byrd,  p.  xvii. 
L^  Ann  Maury,  Memoirs  of  a  Huguenot  Family.     (Contains 

Fontaine's  journal  of  Spotswood's  exploration.) 
J.  Fiske,  Old  Virginia,  II,  ch.  17. 

Virginian  Advance  into  Piedmont 

H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  II,  ch.  15. 

C.  E.  Kemper,  "The  Settlement  of  the  Valley,"  in  Virginia 

Magazine  of  History,  XXX,  169. 
P.  A.  Bruce,  Institutional  History  of  Virginia,  II,    97-122 

(forts  and  rangers). 

Pennsylvanian  Advance  into  Valley  and  Piedmont:  German 

*A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States,  I,  30- 
266;  especially  177-211,  221,  236,  263-266;  full  bibliog- 
raphy, in  II,  479. 

J.  W.  Wayland,  German  Element  of  the  Shenandoah  Valley. 

L.  F.  Bittinger,  Germans  in  Colonial  Times;  and  German 

Religious  Life  in  Colonial  Times. 

,  V.  H.  Todd,  Christoph  von  Graffenried's  Account  of  the 
Founding  of  New  Bern,  North  Carolina  Historical  Com- 
mission Publications. 

A.  L.  Fries,  "Der  N.  C.  Land  und  Colonie  Etablissement," 
in  North  Carolina  Booklet,  IX,  No.  4, 


27 

A.  P.  C.  Griffin,  List  of  Works  relating  to  the  Germans  in 
the  United  States  (bibliography). 

W.  K.  Boyd,  and  J.  G.  Hamilton,  Syllabus  of  North  Carolina 
History,  42,  45. 

See  the  volumes  published  by  the  Pennsylvania  German 
Society,  and  the  Americana  Germanica,  with  its  suc- 
cessor, The  German  American  Annals. 

Pennsylvanian  Advance  into  Piedmont:  Scotch-Irish 

'H.  J.  Ford,  Scotch-Irish  in  America. 

C.  A.  Hanna,  The  Scotch-Irish;  and  Wilderness  Trail. 

C.  K.  Bolton,  Scotch-Irish  Pioneers. 

S.  W.  Greene,  "  Scotch-Irish  in  America,"  in  Proceedings 

of  American  Antiquarian  Society,  X,  part  1,  32-70. 
J.  C.  Linehan,  The  Irish  Scots  and  the  "  Scotch-Irish." 
A.  C.  Myers,  The  Irish  Quakers. 
Boyd  and  Hamilton,  Syllabus  of  North  Carolina  History, 

40,  45. 

Valley  and  Piedmont  in  the  Middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century : 
Descriptions 

*T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  5. 

*R.  G.  Thwaites,  Daniel  Boone. 

C.  W.  Sawyer,  Firearms  in  American  History,  I,  1-69. 

J.  Doddridge,  Settlements  and  Indian  Wars. 

C.   F.  James,   Documentary  History  of  the  Struggle  for 

Religious  Liberty  in  Virginia. 
R.  B.  Semple,  The  Virginia  Baptists. 
J.  H.  Clewell,  Wachovia. 
A.  Gregg,  Old  Cheraws. 

J.  H.  Logan,  History  of  Upper  South  Carolina. 
G.  D.  Bernheim,  German  Settlements  in  the  Carolinas. 
S.  B.  Weeks,  Church  and  State  in  North  Carolina;    and 

Southern  Quakers. 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Antislavery  Leaders  in  North  Carolina. 


28 

William  Bartram,  Travels. 
J.  F.  D.  Smyth,  Tour  in  the  United  States,  I. 
.  -     A.  C.  Gordon,  Gift  of  the  Morning  Star  (historical  novel 

dealing  with  the  Shenandoah  Valley). 
Boyd,  and  Hamilton,  Syllabus  of  North  Carolina  History, 

39-49  (bibliography). 

Indian  Trade 

Alvord  and  Bidgood,  First  Explorations,  32-33,  57-61,  76, 

90-93. 
V.  Crane,  "  Tennessee  River  as  the  Road  to  Carolina,"  in 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  III,  3. 
A.  J.  Morrison,  "Virginia  Indian  Trade/'  in  William  and 

Mary  Quarterly,  October,  1921,  and  succeeding  numbers. 
F.  Harrison,  "The  Virginians  on  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi 

in  1742,"  in  Virginia  Magazine  of  History,  XXX,  203. 
N.  D.  Mereness  (Ed.),  Travels  in  the  American  Colonies. 

Cattle  Ranching 

See  references  above  page  21. 

J.  H.  Logan,  History  of  Upper  South  Carolina,  I,  151. 
W.  Bartram,  Travels,  308. 
A.  Gregg,  Old  Cheraws,  68,  108-110. 
D.  Ramsay,  South  Carolina,  I,  207. 
A.  S.  Salley,  Orangeburg,  219. 

North  Carolina  Colonial  Records,  V,  pp.  xi,  1193,  1223. 
W.  W.  Hening,  Statutes,  V,  176,  245. 

Land  System 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  84-87,  122,  123. 

A.  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  of  our  National  Land 
System,  44-47,  103,  113-116,  123-124,  128-129,  132. 

Revised  Code  of  Virginia  (1819),  II,  333-349,  and  Appen- 
dix, 2. 

A.  J.  Beveridge,  John  Marshall,  I,  19-20. 


29 

E.  M.  Coulter,  "Granville  District/'  in  James  Spriint  His- 
torical Publications,  XIII,  No.  1,  35-56. 

Virginia  Magazine,  XIII,  115. 
W.  W.  Hening,  Statutes,  III,  304. 
C.  L.  Raper,  History  of  North  Carolina,  ch.  5. 
J.  S.  Bassett,  in  Law  Quarterly  Review  (April,  1895). 
W.  R.  Smith,  South  Carolina  as  a  Royal  Province,  25-72. 
See  also  the  references  on  page  26,  "  German. " 

Contest  of  Interior  with  the  Coast 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  106-122. 
J.  T.  Adams,  The  Founding  of  New  England,  373. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  263-267. 

M.  Farrand,  "  The  West  and  the  Principles  of  the  Revo- 
lution/' in  Yale  Review,  XVII,  44. 

R.  V.  Harlow,  " Economic  Conditions  in  Massachusetts  Dur- 
ing the  American  Revolution,"  in  Colonial  Society  of 
Massachusetts  Publications,  XX,  163. 

A.  McF.  Davis,  "  Shays'  Rebellion,"  in  American  Antiqua- 
rian Society,  n.s.,  XXI,  57-59. 

W.  R.  Smith,  "  Sectionalism  in  Pennsylvania  during  the 
Revolution,"  in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  XXIV, 
208. 

C.  H.  Lincoln,  Revolutionary  Movements  in  Pennsylvania. 

T.  Jefferson,  Notes  on  Virginia,  in  Ford  (Ed.),  Writings 
of  Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  222. 

C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia;  and  "  Cleavage  be- 
tween Eastern  and  Western  Virginia,"  in  American  His- 
torical Review,  XV,  762. 

Grigsby,  "  Virginia  Constitutional  Conventions  of  1776  and 
1788,"  in  Virginia  Historical  Collections,  IX. 

W.  E.  Dodd,  Statesmen  of  the  Old  South,   18-77. 

A.  Henderson,  "Origin  of  Regulation  in  North  Carolina,"  in 
American  Historical  Review,  XXI,  320. 

Bassett,  "  Regulators  of  North  Carolina,"  in  American  His- 
torical Association  Report,  1894,  141. 


30 

M.  deL.  Haywood,  Tryon  in  North  Carolina. 

W.  K.  Boyd  and  J.  G.  Hamilton,  Syllabus  of  North  Carolina 
History,  50. 

W.  K.  Boyd,  "  Antecedents  of  the  North  Carolina  Con- 
vention of  1835,"  in  South  Atlantic  Quarterly  (IX,  83, 
161). 

J.  E.  Cutler,  Lynch-Law,  chs.  2-3. 

North  Carolina  Colonial  Records,  VII-X. 

Wagstaff,  "  State  Rights  and  Political  Parties  in  North 
Carolina,"  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  XXIV. 

Schaper,  "  Sectionalism  in  South  Carolina,"  in  American 
Historical  Association  Report,  1900,  I.  . 

E.  McCrady,  South  Carolina  under  the  Royal  Government, 

121  (map),  311-320,  594-595,  623-643. 
J.  Brevard,  Digest  of  South  Carolina  Laws,  I,  24,  253. 
J.C.  Calhoun,  Works,  I,  400-405. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  50-62,  331. 

Maps 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  45;  III,  181 
(Indians);  III,  351  (Spotswood's  route),  354  (Piedmont 
and  Valley). 

J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  233,  237  (Philadelphia- Yadkin 
road,  from  Frye  and  Jefferson's  map  of  Virginia). 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States,  I,  264 
(German  settlements). 

C.  A.  Hanna,  Scotch-Irish  (Scotch-Irish  settlements). 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  end  (settle- 
ments in  1760). 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  311, 
317,  323. 

E.  McCrady,  South  Carolina  under  the  Royal  Government, 
121  (South  Carolina  western  settlements). 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Condi- 
tions, 54-55. 


31 


VII.   THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  BARRIERS,  1600-1765 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  106,  108-110,  147-148. 

*E.  Channing,  History  of  the.  United  States,  II,  chs.  5,  18, 

19  (pp.  131-154;  527-603). 
Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  chs.  4, 

14,  20. 

W.  B.  Munro,  Crusaders  of  New  France,  chs.  3-11. 
G.  M.  Wrong,  Conquest  of  New  France,  chs.  1-4,  6-11. 
A.  H.  Buffinton,  "  British  Imperialism  in  North  America,"  in 

Historical  Outlook,  X,  489-496,    and  "The  Policy  of 

Albany  and   English  Westward   Expansion,"  in   Missis- 

sippi Valley  Historical  Review,  VIII,  327. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America.     (Useful  bibliography 

in  ch.  19.) 

E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  chs.  7-10. 

F.  Parkman,  France  and  England  in  North  America  (12 
vols.).     The  chronological  order  is  given  in  Thwaites, 
France  in  America,  297;  edition  cited  below  is  1898. 

J.  Winsor,  Cartier  to  Frontenac;  and  Mississippi  Basin;  and 
Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  IV,  V. 

C.  H.  Mcllwain  (Ed.),  WraxalPs  Abridgment  of  the  New 
York  Indian  Records,  1678  to  1751. 

W.  D.  LeSueur,  Frontenac. 

L.  P.  Kellogg,  Early  Narratives  of  the  Northwest. 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  1-21;  III, 
155-191,  309-328;  IV.     (Useful  maps  and  illustrations.) 

F.  H.  Severance,  An  Old  Frontier  of  France  [Western  New 
York]. 

C.  A.  Hanna,  Wilderness  Trail  [Pennsylvania]. 
J.  H.  Finley,  French  in  the  Heart  of  America. 
F.  J.  Turner,  "  Rise  and  Fall  of  New  France,"  in  Chautau- 
quan,  XXIV,  31-34,  295-300.     (Brief  sketch.) 


32 

Significance  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Great  Lakes 

Basin 

A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences  in  American  History, 

chs.  4-6. 

C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  pf  Natural  Resources,  271-274. 
J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  82-86. 
N.  S.  Shaler,  America,  I. 
J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  4-32. 
F.  A.  Ogg,  Opening  of  the  Mississippi,  1-7;  and  "  Growth  of 

Population  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  in  World  To-Day 

(February,  1905),  III,  186-190. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  126,  204. 
A.  B.  Hart,  "  Future  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  in  Harper's 

Monthly,  February,  1900,  413. 

Exploration  and  Indian  Trade 

See  references  under  general  reading. 

F.  J.  Turner,  "  Indian  Trade  in  Wisconsin,"  in  Johns  Hop- 
kins University  Studies,  IX. 
Radisson's  Journal,  in  Prince  Society  Publications. 

E.  H.  Blair,  Indian  Tribes  of  the  Mississippi  and  Great 
Lakes  Region  [Perrot  and  de  la  Potherie]. 

P.  Margry,  Decouvertes  et  etablissements  des  Frangais. 
Collection  de  documents  relatif  a  Phistoire  de  la  Nouvelle 

France. 
W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  190  (map). 

Jesuit  Missions 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Jesuit  Relations.  (73  volumes.)  The 
introduction  and  the  admirable  index  afford  an  excel- 
lent opportunity  to  understand  the  missions. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Father  Marquette. 

F.  Parkman,  Jesuits  in  North  America;   and  Old  Regime; 
and  La  Salle,  ch.  3. 


33 

T.  J.  Campbell,  Pioneer  Priests  of  North  America;    and 

Pioneer  Laymen. 
C.  de  Rochemonteix,  Les  Jesuites  et  la  Nouvelle  France  au 

XVIII  siecle. 

Settlements  on  the  Great  Lakes  and   Upper  Mississippi 

C.  W.  Alvord,  The  Illinois  Country. 

F.  Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict,  I,  chs.  2,  12,  14. 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  ch.  3. 

M.  M.  Quaife,  Chicago  and  the  old  Northwest,  chs.  1-3. 
Wisconsin    Historical    Collections,    XVI-XVIII.     (French 

Regime  in  Wisconsin.) 
Alvord  and  Carter,  The  Critical  Period,  1763-65,  Collections 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  X. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  Wisconsin. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  2. 

Settlements  in  Louisiana  and  the  Southwestern  Frontier 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  532-537. 
N.  M.  Surrey,  Commerce  of  Louisiana  During  the  French 

Regime. 
W.  O.  Scroggs,   "  Early  Trade  and  Travel  in  the  Lower 

Mississippi    Valley,"    in    Mississippi    Valley    Historical 

Association  Proceedings,  II,  235. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  72-88. 
P.  J.  Hamilton,  Colonial  Mobile. 
C.  E.  Gayarre,  Histoire  de  la  Louisiane. 
P.  Heinrich,  La  Louisiane  sous  la  Compagnie  des  Indes. 
Villiers  du  Terrage,  Les  dernieres  annees  de  la  Louisiane 

Frangaise;  and  Histoire  de  la  fondation  de  la  Nouvelle 

Orleans  (1717-22). 

G.  King,  Bienville;  and  New  Orleans. 

W.  E.  Dunn,  Spanish  and  French  Rivalry  in  the  Gulf  Region,        V 
1678-1702,  University  of  Texas  Bulletin,  No.  1705. 


34 

H.  E.  Bolton,  Texas  in  the  Middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century; 
and  Athanase  de  Mezieres  and  the  Louisiana-Texas 
Frontier. 

V.  W.  Crane,  "  Tennessee  River  as  a  Road  to  Carolina," 
in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  III,  3;  and 
"Southern  Frontier  in  Queen  Anne's  War,"  in  American 
Historical  Review,  XXIV,  379;  and  The  Southern  Fron- 
tier of  the  English  Colonies,  1670-1732.  (In  prepara- 
tion.) 

A.  W.  Lauber,  Indian  Slavery  in  Colonial  Times,  ch.  7. 

Search  for  the  Sea  of  the  West 

F.  Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict,  I,  346-368;  II,  3-43. 
L.  Burpee,  Search  for  the  Sea  of  the  West. 
A.  Laut,  Pathfinders  of  the  West. 
J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  30-32,  192-217. 
I.  J.  Cox,  "  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier,"  Quarterly  of  Texas 
Historical  Society,  X. 

The  Fighting  on  the  Colonial  Frontier 

a.  Close  of  the  Seventeenth  Century 

H.  L.  Osgood,  American  Colonies,  I,  498,  516,  520-521;  II, 

chs.  15,  16,  especially  pp.  420-432. 
P.  A.  Bruce,  Institutional  History  of  Virginia,  II,  97-122. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  77-81,  92 
(bibliography) . 

F.  Parkman,  Frontenac,  chs.  11,  17. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  ch.  3. 

E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  109-135. 

A.  H.  Buffinton,  "The  Policy  of  Albany  and  English  West- 
ward Expansion,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review, 
VIII,  327. 

Helen  Broshar,  "The  First  Push  Westward  of  the  Albany 
Traders,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  VII, 
228. 


35 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society  Proceedings,  2d  Series, 
XLIII,  505-519.  (Documents  on  defense  of  the  fron- 
tier, 1694-1695.) 

b.  Opening  of  the  Eighteenth  Century 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  70-106. 

F.  Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict,  I,  1-16,  34-109,  119- 
155,212-271;  11,205-256. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  89-124,  301  (bibliog- 
raphy). 

E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  119-165,  328  (bibliog- 
raphy). 

S.  A.  Green,  Groton  during  the  Indian  Wars. 

George  Sheldon,  Deerfield. 

L.  P.  Kellogg,  "Fox  Indian  Wars/7  in  Wisconsin  Historical 
Proceedings,  1907,  142  (see  her  citations). 

V.  W.  Crane,  "Southern  Frontier  in  Queen  Anne's  War,"  in 
American  Historical  Review,  XXIV,  379. 

J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  61-98,  160-192. 

A.  B.  Hart,  American  History  told  by  Contemporaries,  II, 
312-346. 

Maps 

E.  B.  Greene,  Provincial  America,  6  (claims,  1689);  122 
(intercolonial  wars,  1689-1713);  156  (New  England 
wars);  168  (eastern  North  America,  1715). 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  189-191. 

c.  The  Middle  of  the  Eighteenth  Century:  English  Acquisition 
of  the  Great  Lakes  Basin  and  the  Alleghany-Mississippi 
Region 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  550-599. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  143-265. 

F.  Parkman,    Montcalm    and  Wolfe;    and    Conspiracy  of 
Pontiac,  I,  100-168. 

J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  229-403. 


36 

G.  M.  Wrong,  Conquest  of  New  France. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  108-116. 

E.  I.  McCormac,  Colonial  Opposition  to  Imperial  Authority 
during  the  French  and  Indian  War. 

J.  Fiske,  New  France  and  New  England. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  2. 
J.  R.  Simms,  Frontiersmen  of  New  York. 

F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York  Frontier. 

C.  A.  Hanna,  The  Wilderness  Trail  (western  Pennsylvania). 

Report  of  the  Commission  to  Locate  the  Frontier  Forts  of 
Pennsylvania. 

J.  S.  Walton,  Conrad  Weiser. 

A.  B.  Hulbert,  Washington  and  the  West. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels,  I. 

A.  Henderson,  Conquest  of  the  Old  Southwest,  41-95  (Chero- 
kee Wars). 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  337-350 
(Cherokee  War). 

The  French  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  about  1763 

C.  W.  Alvord,  Illinois  Country,  190-224. 

C.  E.  Carter,  Great  Britain  and  the  Illinois  Country,  ch.  1. 

Maps 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV;  especially 
27,  29,  35  (Washington's  route);  49  (claims);  53,  60-61 
(portages  and  forts) ;  87  (frontier  forts  of  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland,  and  Virginia);  199  (Forbes' route);  228,  341 
(Cherokee  campaign);  352  (treaty  of  1763). 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  106  (eastern  North 
America,  1740);  204  (Champlain  and  Mohawk  frontiers); 
256  (western  frontier,  1763);  268  (result  of  treaty  of 
1763). 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  553  (limits 
of  Iroquois);  604  (settlement  in  1760). 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  192,  193,  194. 


37 

The  Influence  of  the  Frontier  on  Colonial  Union 

L.  K.  Mathews,  " Benjamin  Franklin's  Plans  for  a  Colonial 

Union,  1750-75,"  in  American  Political  Science  Review, 

VIII,  393-412. 
H.  L.  Carson,  Anniversary  of    the   Constitution,  II,  446, 

et  seq. 

American  History  Leaflets,  No.  14, ."  Plans  of  Union." 
J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  V, 

264,  611. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  568-571. 
G.  L.  Beer,  British  Colonial  Policy,  ch.  2. 
R.  A.  Brock  (Ed.),  Official  Letters  of  Alexander  Spotswood, 

Virginia  Historical  Collections,  I-II. 
R.  A.  Brock  (Ed.),  Official  Records  of  Robert  Dinwiddie  (ut 

supra ,  III-IV). 
W.  H.  Browne  (Ed.),  Correspondence  of  Governor  Horatio 

Sharpe,  Maryland  Historical  Society  Archives. 
J.  W.  Black,    "  Maryland's  Attitude   in  the  Struggle  for 

Canada,"  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  X. 
Lady  Edgar,  A  Colonial  Governor  in  Maryland. 
For  the  Albany  Congress,  1754,  see  also  bibliography  in 

the  Bulletin  of  the  New  York  Public  Library,  I,  76. 

The  Treaty  of  1763  and  Results  of  French  Expulsion 

W.  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  261;  and  Documentary 
Source  Book,  109  (text). 

American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5. 

Shortt  and  Doughty,  Documents  Relating  to  the  Constitu- 
tional History  of  Canada. 

C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  Causes  of  the  War  of  Independence,  ch.  5. 

Shepherd,  "  Cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain,"  in  Political 
Science  Quarterly,  XIX,  439-458. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  266-280. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  598-599,  602. 


38 

F.  Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  II,  391-429. 
W.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  IV,  ch.  11. 
A.  H.  Smyth  (Ed.),  Life  and  Writings  of  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, IV,  32-82. 
See  maps  referred  to  above. 

Pontiac1  s  Conspiracy 

F.  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  France  in  America,  278. 

J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  I,  432-464;  and  Narrative  and 
Critical  History  of  America,  VI,  684-700. 

W.  Kingsford,  History  of  Canada,  V,  1-112. 

C.  E.  Carter,  Great  Britain  and  Illinois,  13-45. 

Historical  Account  of  the  Expedition  against  the  Ohio 
Indians  in  the  year  1764,  under  the  Command  of  Henry 
Bouquet  (Ohio  Valley  Historical  Series,  No.  1). 

Maps 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  374-375. 

F.  Parkman,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  I,  1;  II,  213. 

VIII.   BRITISH  WESTERN  POLICY,  1763-1775 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  162. 
C.  W.  Alvord,  The  Illinois  Country,  246-307;  and  more  fully 

in  his  Mississippi  Valley  in  British  Politics. 
Alvord  and  Carter,  The  Critical  Period,  1763-65,  Collections 

Illinois  State  Historical  Society,  X;  and  The  New  Regime, 

1765-67,  same  series,  XI. 

W.  V.  Byars,  B.  and  M.  Gratz,  Merchants  in  Philadelphia. 
C.  E.  Carter,  " Observations  of  John  Stuart,"  in  American 

Historical  Review,  XX,  815. 
Dunbar  Rowland,  Mississippi  Provincial  Archives  1763-66? 

English  Dominion,  I. 


39 

J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  428-431;  and  Westward  Move- 
ment, 4-21. 

Colonial  Claims 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest.    /X 

American  History  Leaflet,  No.  16. 

E.  Channing,  Students'  History  of  the  United  States,  221 

(map). 
H.  B.  Adams,  "  Maryland's  Influence  on  the  Land  Cessions/' 

in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  III. 

Proclamation  of  1763 

See  references  under  General  Reading. 

W.  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  267-272;  or  Documentary 
Source  Book,  113-116. 

A.  Shortt  and  A.  G.  Doughty,  Documents  relating  to  the 
Constitutional  History  of  Canada  (Canadian  Archives, 
1906). 

American  History  Leaflets,  No.  5. 

G.  H.  Alden,  New  Governments  West  of  the  Alleghanies. 

E.  Burke,  "  Conciliation  with  America/'  in  Old  South  Leaf- 
lets, VIII,  No.  200;  Riverside  Literature  Series;  Adams 
(Ed.),  British  Orations,  I;  Morley  (Ed.),  Universal 
Library,  38. 

Plans  for  Colonies 

See  references  under  General  Reading. 
*C.  E.  Carter,  Great  Britain  and  the  Illinois  Country,  103- 

144. 
G.  H.  Alden,  New  Governments  West  of  the  Alleghanies, 

1,  et  seq. 
Franklin,  Works  (Bigelow  edition),  II,  343,  467,  474;   IV, 

141;  or  Life  and  Writings  (Smyth  edition),  III,  197-227, 

358-366;  V,  67,  465-527, 


40 

Maps 

E.  Channing,  Students'  History  of  the  United  States,  221 
(claims). 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  174  (Van- 
dalia),  285  (Indian  line). 

G.  E.  Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  4-5  (claims), 
224  (Indian  boundaries),  230-231  (Vandalia). 

Proceedings  of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  1908, 
176  (Proclamation  of  1763  and  Indian  line). 

Farrand,  American  Historical  Review,  X,  784  (Indian  line). 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  194. 

IX.  THE  CROSSING  OF  THE  ALLEGHANIES,  AND  BEGINNINGS 

OF  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  ALLEGHANY  PLATEAUS, 

1769-1775 

General  Reading 

See  references  on  pages  26,  27. 
Guide,  §  162. 

*A.  Henderson,  Conquest  of  the  Old  Southwest,. 96-288. 
C.  L.  Skinner,  Pioneers  of  the  Old  Southwest,  1-109. 
*R.  G.  Thwaites,  Daniel  Boone. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  5. 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement. 
H.  A.  Bruce,  Daniel  Boone  and  the  Wilderness  Road. 
W.  A.  Pusey,  The  Wilderness  Road  to  Kentucky. 
A.  B.  Hulbert,  Boone's  Road;   and  The  Old  Glade. 

F.  Walker,  "  Autobiography  of  a  Southern  Congressman," 
in  Journal  of  American  History,  I,  50-60. 

Geography  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  and  the  Alleghany 
Plateaus 

A.  K.  Lobeck,  Physiographic  Diagram,  description  of  "The 
Newer  or  Folded  Appalachians/7  and  "The  Appalachian 
Plateaus." 


41 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Condi- 
tions, chs.  3-4. 

A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  70-104. 

J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  in  National  Geographic 
Monographs,  78. 

B.  Willis,  Northern  Appalachians. 

C.  W.  Hayes,  Southern  Appalachians. 

United  States  Geological  Survey,  Professional  Papers,  No. 

37. 
J.  L.  Allen,  Blue  Grass  Region. 

Explorations  of  Kentucky  and  Upper  Ohio  Valley 

J.  Winsor,  Mississippi  Basin,  230,  238,  243,  249-258. 

T.  Speed,  Wilderness  Road. 

J.  S.  Johnston,  First  Explorations  of  Kentucky. 

G.  W.  Ranck,  Boonesborough;  and  Lexington. 

M.   Verhoeff,   Kentucky    Mountains,   Transportation;    and 

Kentucky  River  Navigation. 
W.  M.  Darlington,  Gist's  Journal. 
C.  A.  Hanna,  The  Wilderness  Trail,  ch.  7. 

E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  II, 
881. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels  (use  the  index  under 
such  titles  as  "salt  springs"). 

Settlement  of  Cherry  Valley 

F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York  Frontier;  and  Four  Rivers. 

Settlement  of  Wyoming  Valley,  etc. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,    18-125,    136 
(bibliography). 

Settlement  of  Western  Pennsylvania 

C.  A.  Hanna,  Scotch-Irish;  and  Wilderness  Trail. 

B.  Crumrine,  History  of  Washington  Co.,  Pennsylvania. 


42 

A.  C.  Myers,  in  Thirteenth  Annual  Meeting  of  Pennsyl- 
vania Scotch-Irish  Society  (1902),  57-58. 

Settlement  of  West  Virginia 

L.  V.  McWhorter,  Border  Settlers  of  Northwestern  Virginia, 

1768-95. 
V.  A.  Lewis,  West  Virginia. 

Settlement  of  Tennessee   Valley  and   Kentucky   Blue  Grass 

Lands 

See  references  under  General  Reading. 

Alleghany  Mountaineers  and  Frontier  Survivals 

*T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  5. 
John  C.  Campbell,  The  Southern  Highlander  and  his  Home- 
land. 

H.  Kephart,  Our  Southern  Highlanders. 
A.  B.  Hart,  Southern  South,  ch.  3. 

Consult  indexes  to  periodicals  for  illustrated  articles  on 
these  "retarded  frontiersmen." 

The  Frontier  Station  and  Trans- Alleghany  Land  System 

*A.  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  for  our  National  Land 

System,  37-38,  45-47,  127-134. 
G.  W.  Ranck,  Boonesborough,  181,  ?31. 
Revised  Code  of  Virginia  (1819),  II,  357. 
W.  W.  Hening,  Statutes,  IX,  355;  X,  35-65,  542;  III,  204. 
Public  Acts  of  North  Carolina,  I,  204-208. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West  (1889),  I,  261;  II,  92, 

220. 

Maps 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  174-175. 
G.  E.  Howard,  Preliminaries  of  the  Revolution,  230-231. 
C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  270,  278. 


43 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Condi- 
tions, 54-55,  71. 

A.  B.  Hulbert  (Ed.),  The  Crown  Collection  of  Photographs 
of  American  Maps. 

Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Statistical  Atlas,  1900, 
plate  2  (map  of  population,  1790). 

X.  THE  WEST  IN  THE  REVOLUTIONARY  WAR,  1774-1783 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  154. 
C.  H.  Van  Tyne,   The  American  Revolution,  IX,  40,  46, 

156-174,  250,  251,  279-288,  301-302. 
C.  W.  Alvord,  Illinois  Country,  I,  308-357. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I  and  II  (parts  II  and 

III,  Sagamore  edition). 
J.  Fiske,  American  Revolution,  I,  129-131,  165-168,  268- 

298,  326-338;  II,  82-109,  183-185,  244-265. 
J.  Winsor  (Ed.),  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America, 

VI,  chs.  7  and  9. 

Influence  of  the  Frontier  on  Revolutionary  Thought 

Kate  H.  Claghorn,  "  Burke:  a  Centenary  Perspective,"  in 
Atlantic  Monthly  (July,  1897),  284-290. 

C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  Causes  of  the  War  of  Independence,  8,  13- 
19,  105-120,  406-407,  424-425. 

Jefferson,  "  Summary  View  of  the  Rights  of  British  Amer- 
ica/' 1774,  Ford  (Ed.);  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson, 
I,  247;  Washington  (Ed.),  Jefferson's  Works,  I,  124-127, 
138-140;  and  in  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  11, 
5-6,  18. 

New  England's  Frontier  Advance 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  119-138. 
J.  H.  Smith,  Arnold's  March  from  Cambridge  to  Quebec. 


44 

D.  Weller  (Ed.),  Centennial  Celebration  of  General  Sulli- 
van's Campaign. 

G.  S.  Conover  (Ed.),  Journals  of  the  Military  Expedition 
of  Major-General  John  Sullivan  against  the  Six  Nations 
of  Indians  in  1779. 

Mohawk  and  Susquehanna  Frontier 

F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York  Frontier. 
A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  305-312. 
W.   L.   Stone,   Sir  William  Johnson;    and  Life  of  Joseph 
Brant;  and  Wyoming. 

Pennsylvania  Frontier  and  Upper  Ohio 

L.  S.  Shimmell,  Border  Warfare  in  Pennsylvania  during  the 
Revolution  (Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1901). 

Thwaites  and  Kellogg,  Revolution  on  the  Upper  Ohio. 

C.  M.  Burton,  "John  Connolly,"  in  American  Antiquarian 
Society  Proceedings,  XX,  70. 

W.  Notestein,  "  Western  Indians  in  the  Revolution,"  in  Ohio 
Archaeological  and  Historical  Quarterly,  XVI,  269. 

J.  S.  Walton,  Conrad  Weiser. 

C.  W.  Butterfield,  The  Girtys,  ch.  5-21;  and  Expedition 
against  Sandusky. 

W.  H.  Siebert,  "Tories  on  the  Upper  Ohio,"  in  Biennial  Re- 
port of  the  Department  of  Archives  and  History  of  West 
Virginia,  1911-14,  38. 

Report  of  Commissioners  to  Locate  the  Frontier  Forts  of 
Pennsylvania. 

J.  A.  James,  "Indian  Diplomacy,"  in  Proceedings  of  Wis- 
consin Historical  Society,  1909,  125-142;  and  "Some 
Problems  of  the  Northwest  in  1779,"  Turner  Essays,  57; 
"  G.  R.  Clark  and  Detroit,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  His- 
torical Association  Proceedings,  III,  291;  "  Last  Year  of 
the  Revolution  in  the  West,"  in  ibid.,  VI,  239;  "  Pitts- 


45 

burgh  a  Key  to  the  West  during  the  American  Revolu- 
tion/' in  Ohio  Archeological  and  Historical  Quarterly, 
January,  1913. 

Virginia's  Frontier  Advance:   West  Virginia,  Kentucky, 

and  Northwest 
See  General  Reading. 

*C.  W.  Alvord,  The  Illinois  Country,  ch.  xv;  and  "  Virginia 
and  the  West/'  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review, 
III,  19;  and  Cahokia  Records,  and  Kaskaskia  Records, 
Illinois  Historical  Collections,  Virginia  Series,  I  and  II. 

Thwaites  and  Kellogg,  Lord  Dunmore's  War;  and  Revolu- 
tion on  the  Upper  Ohio. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  How  George  Rogers  Clark  won  the  North- 
west; and  Wisconsin  133-141. 

D.  I.  Bushnell,  "  Virginia  Frontier,  1778,"  in  Virginia  Maga- 
zine of  History,  XXIII,  113,  256,  337;  XXIV,  44,  168. 

J.  A.  James  (Ed.),  George  Rogers  Clark  Papers  (with  his- 
torical introduction),  Illinois  Historical  Collections,  VIII, 
Virginia  Series,  III  and  IV  (in  preparation) ;  and  "  George 
Rogers  Clark  and  the  Northwest/'  in  American  His- 
torical Association  Report,  1917,  315,  and  "  Significance 
of  the  Attack  on  St.  Louis,  1780,"  in  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Association,  II,  199. 

R.  T.  Durrett,  Bryant's  Station. 

W.  H.  English,  Conquest  of  the  Northwest. 

C.  W.  Alvord  'vEd.),  Cahokia  Records  (introduction),  Illinois 
Historical  Collections,  II  (Virginia  Series,  I);  and 
Kaskaskia  Records  (introduction),  in  Illinois  Historical 
Collections,  V  (Virginia  Series,  II). 

J.  A.  James,  "  Spanish  Influence,  in  the  West  during  the 
American  Revolution,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Review,  IV,  193  and  citations. 

F.  J.  Teggart,  "  Capture  of  St.  Joseph,  Michigan,  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1781,"  in  Missouri  Historical  Review,  V,  214. 


46 


The  Piedmont  and  Valley  Advance  to  the  Southwest: 
Cherokees 

A.  Henderson,  Conquest  of  the  Old  Southwest,  252-268,  289- 

310. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  I,  ch.  11;  II,  chs.  8-12; 

or  (Sagamore  edition)  part  II,  ch.  3;  III,  pp.  110,  219, 

257-272. 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  ch.  6,  and  pp.  108-110, 

147-151,  160-163,  178-181. 

C.  L.  Skinner,  Pioneers  of  the  Old  Southwest,  109-225. 
L.  C.  Draper,  King's  Mountain. 

The  Germans  in  the  Revolution 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States,  I,  263- 

356. 
J.  G.  Rosengarten,  The  German  Soldier  in  the  Wars  of  the 

United  States. 

The  Scotch-Irish  in  the  Revolution 

C.  A.  Hanna,  Scotch-Irish,  I,  ch.  1. 
Proceedings  of  Scotch-Irish  Society. 

Maps 

C.  H.  Van  Tyne,  American  Revolution,  270,  290. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  II  (end). 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  174-175  and 
183  (Lord  Dunmore's  War),  212  (divisions  of  North 
America  in  1775),  285  (Indian  relations),  293  (Six  Na- 
tions), 332  (Arnold's  Maine  march),  VI,  100  (Mohawk), 
185  (Wyoming  and  Cherry  Valleys),  186  (Indian  opera- 
tions in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania),  192  (Northwest), 
196  (Clark's  expeditions),  210,  212,  and  284  (Carolina 
Piedmont  Campaigns),  350,  351,  and  361  (maps  regarding 
boundaries  at  the  close  of  war) . 


47 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  194,  195. 
J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  VI; 
and  Westward  Movement. 

XI.   GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  WEST,  1774-1789 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  162,  167. 

*C.  W.  Alvord,  The  Illinois  Country,  chs.  16-18. 

*G.  H.  Alden,  "  Evolution  of  the  American  System  of 
Forming  and  Admitting  New  States/7  in  Annals  of 
American  Academy,  XVIII,  469-479. 

*F.  J.  Turner,  "  State  Making  in  the  Revolutionary  Era," 
in  American  Historical  Review,  I,  70-87,  251-269. 

*American  History  Leaflets,  Nos.  16,  20,  and  32. 

*E.  J.  Benton,  "  Establishing  the  American  Colonial  System 
in  the  Old  Northwest,"  Transactions  Illinois  Historical 
Society,  1918,  47. 

A.  Henderson,  "Richard  Henderson;  Authorship  of  the 
Cumberland  Compact,"  in  Tennessee  Historical  Maga- 
zine, II,  155. 

E.  C.  Burnett,  "Bourbon  County  of  Georgia,"  in  American 
Historical  Review,  XV,  66. 

G.  H.  Alden,  New  Governments  West  of  the  Alleghanies; 
and  "  The  State  of  Franklin,"  in  American  Historical  Re- 
view, VIII,  271. 

J.  R.  Robertson,  "Early  Legislative  Petitions,"  in  Ohio 
Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  1913,  and 
.Petitions  of  the  Early  Inhabitants  of  Kentucky  to  the 
General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  1769-92  (Filson  Club 
Publications,  No.  27). 

J.  H.  Barrett,  Evolution  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 

P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  chs.  1  and  2. 

H.  B.  Adams,  Maryland's  Influence  on  the  Land  Cessions. 


48 

St.  G.  L.  Sioussat,  "  The  North  Carolina  Cession  of  1784 

in  its  Federal  Aspects/7  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 

Association  Proceedings,  II,  35. 
B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  11-15. 
M.  Farrand,  Records  of  the  Federal  Convention,  index,  s.v. 

"  Admission   of   States/7    "  New   States   in  the  West/' 

"West,"  Article  I,  sec.  2,  clause  3  (III,  634),  Article 

IV,  sec.  3,  clauses  1  and  2  (p.  646),  etc. 
W.  P.. Cutler,  Manasseh  Cutler. 
O.  Pickering,  Timothy  Pickering. 
Text  of  Ordinance  of  1784. 

Ford  (Ed.),  Writings  of  Thomas  Jefferson,  III,  407,  420. 

American  History  Leaflets,  No.  32. 
Text  of  Ordinance  of  1787. 

W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  21-28. 

A.  Johnson,  Readings  in  American  Constitutional  History, 
143. 

American  History  Leaflets,  No.  32. 

B.  P.  Poore,  Charters  and  Constitutions,  I,  429. 

XII.     THE  WEST  IN  AMERICAN  DIPLOMACY  AND  THE 
LOUISIANA  PURCHASE,  1763-1804 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  157,  181,  183,  187. 

*F.  J..  Turner,  "Policy  of  France  toward  the  Mississippi 
Valley/'  in  American  Historical  Review,  X,  249-279;  or 
"  Diplomatic  Contest  for  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  in 
Atlantic  Monthly,  XCIII,  676-691,  807-817.  These  two 
papers  in  part  cover  the  same  ground. 

E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  346-382;  IV, 
ch.  5. 

Henry  Adams,  United  States,  I,  334-446;  II,  1-134. 

J.  S.  Bassett,  Federalist  System,  56-100,  218-251. 

H.  J.  Ford,  Washington  and  his  Colleagues,  chs.  6,  7. 


49 

T.  Roosevelt,  The  Winning  of  the  West,  III,  chs.  2,  3,  6-8; 
IV,  chs.  4,  6;  or  (Sagamore  edition),  part  IV,  chs.  2,  3; 
part  V,  chs.  1-4;  part  VI,  chs.  2,  4. 

L.  Pelzer,  "  Economic  Factors  in  the  Acquisition  of  Louis- 
iana," in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association  Pro- 
ceedings, VI,  109. 

French  Intrigues 

F.  J.  Turner,  "  Policy  of  France,"  in  American  Historical 
Review,  X,  249-279,  with  citations  in  the  footnotes  to 
other  articles  and  documents  edited  by  the  author  on 
special  phases  of  the  subject;  and  Correspondence  of  the 
French  Ministers  to  the  United  States,  1791-97,  American 
Historical  Association  Report,  1903,  II. 

E.  S.  Corwin,  French  Policy  and  the  American  Alliance. 

P.  C.  Phillips,  The  West  in  the  Diplomacy  of  the  American 
Revolution. 

L.  Didier,  "  Genet,"  in  Revue  des  questions  historiques, 
XCIII,  passim. 

J.  A.  James,  "  Louisiana  as  a  Factor  in  American  Diplomacy, 
1795-1800,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  I, 
44. 

A.  Bertrand,  "Les  Etats-Unis  et  la  revolution  Frangaise," 
in  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  Mai  15,  1906,  XXXIII,  392. 

W.  Robertson,  "  Francisco  de  Miranda,"  in  American  His- 
torical Association  Report,  1907,  I,  189-528. 

W.  R.  Manning,  "Nootka  Sound  Controversy,"  in  American 
Historical  Association  Report,  1904,  279-478. 

E.  M.  Coulter,  " Elijah  Clarke's  Foreign  Intrigues,"  in  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  X,  260- 
279. 

Spanish  Intrigues. 

T.  M.  Green,  Spanish  Conspiracy. 
J.  Wilkinson,  Memoirs, 


50 

A.  Henderson,  Conquest  of  the  Old  Southwest,  ch.  20;  and 
"The  Spanish  Conspiracy  in  Tennessee "  in  Tennessee 
Historical  Magazine,  III,  229. 

I.  J.  Cox,  "General  Wilkinson  and  his  Later  Intrigues  with 
the  Spaniards/'  in  American  Historical  Review,  XIX, 
794. 

R.  C.  McGrane,  "Wayne  and  Wilkinson,  1793-94,"  in  Ohio 
Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  1913;  compare 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  I,  418  (William 
Clark). 

J.  A.  Robertson,  Louisiana  under  the  Rule  of  Spain,  France 
and  the  United  States,  1785-1807. 

Jane  M.  Berry,  "Indian  Policy  of  Spain  in  the  Southwest, 
1783-95,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  III, 
462. 

D.  L.  McMurry,  "Indian  Policy  of  the  Federal  Government 
and  Economic  Development  of  the  Southwest,  1789- 
1801,"  in  Tennessee  .Historical  Magazine,  I,  21,  106. 

I.  J.  Cox,  "Indian  as  a  Diplomatic  Factor,"  in  Ohio  Archae- 
ological and  Historical  Publications,  XVIII,  542;  and 
The  West  Florida  Controversy,  1798-1813,  chs.  1  and  2. 

M.  Serrano  Y.  Sanz,  "Espafia  y  los  Indios  Cherakis  y  Chac- 
tas, "  in  Boletin  del  Centro  de  Estudios  Americanistas  de 
Sevilla,  III,  Nos.  8,  9,  and  "Wilkinson,"  in  Revista  de 
Archives,  Bibliotecas  y  Museos,  March,  1914. 

F.  L.  Riley,  "Transition  from  Spanish  Rule,"  in  Mississippi 
Historical  Society  Publications,  III,  261;  and  "Spanish 
Policy  in  Mississippi,"  in  American  Historical  Association 
Report,  1897,  175. 

British  Policy 

A.  C.  McLaughlin,  "  Western  Posts  and  British  Debts,"  in 
Yale  Review,  February  and  May,  1895. 

J.  A.  James,  "History  of  the  Northwest,  1783-86,"  in  Missis- 
sippi Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  VII,  168, 


51 

0.  E.  Leavitt,  "  British  Policy  on  the  Canadian  Frontier, 
1782-92,"  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Proceedings, 
1915,  151-185. 

S.  F.  Bemis,  "  Armed  Neutrality  of  1794,"  in  American 
Historical  Review,  XXIV,  26;  and  "  Jay's  Treaty  and  the 
Northwest  Boundary  Gap,"  in  American  Historical  Re- 
view, XXVII,  465. 

The  Treaty 

W.  M.  Malloy  (Ed.),  Treaties  and  Conventions,  I,  479,  508, 

511,  586,  590;  II,  1640. 
W.  MacDonald,  Select  "Documents,  160;    or  Documentary 

Source  Book,  279. 
W.  W.  Willoughby  on  the  Constitution,  I,  324-371,  380-408 

(constitutional  questions) . 
E.  S.  Brown,  Constitutional  History  of  the  Louisiana  Pur-,- 

chase,  1803-12. . 
T.  M.  Marshall,  History  of  the  Western  Boundary  of  the    V 

Louisiana  Purchase. 

1.  J.  Cox,  " Significance  of  the  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier,"  in 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  III, 
198. 

Maps 

A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Confederation  and  Constitution,  14 
(Proposal  of  Rayneval),  40  (North  America  in  1783). 

E.  M.  Avery,  History  of  the  United  States,  VI,  350,  351 
(Proposal  of  Rayneval),  362  (Treaty  of  1783). 

E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  70  (Louisiana  Purchase), 
258  (Indian  cessions,  1789-1816). 


52 

XIII.   LAND  POLICY  AND  THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  WESTERN 

NEW  YORK  AND  THE  OHIO  VALLEY  (APPALACHIAN 

PLATEAU),  1785-1800 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  168. 

*P.  J.  Treat,  The  National  Land  System,  1-100. 
*T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III,  ch.  6,  and  pp. 

328-331;  IV,  ch.  5;  or  (Sagamore  edition)  part  V,  5-56, 

114-118;  part  VI,  135-183. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  139-195. 
G.  S.  Callender,  Selections  from  Economic  History  of  United 

States,  597-633,  666-673, 
E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  125- 

127,  172-174. 

K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  United  States,  104-128. 
J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  280-316,  398-414,  474-512. 
E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  III,  539-543. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  II,  144- 

158,  572-582;  III,  100-142. 

Land  Policy 

*P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  1-100,  391-394  (bib- 
liography). 

*A.  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  of  our  National  Land 
System,  especially  43-91. 

J.  S.  Davis,  Essays  in  the  Earlier  History  of  American  Cor- 
porations. 

K.  W.  Colgrove,  "  Attitude  of  Congress  toward  the  Pioneer 
of  the  West/'  in  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and  Politics 
(January,  1910),  VIII,  7-22. 

R.  T.  Hill,  Public  Domain  and  Democracy. 

G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States,  136,  140-141. 

E,  P.  Oberholtzer,  Robert  Morris,  301, 


53 

Haskins,  "  Yazoo  Land  Companies,"  in  Papers  of  American 

Historical  Association,  V,  395. 
[Anonymous],  Observations  on  the  North  American  Land 

Company,   Philadelphia,    1796. 
W.  Cooper,  Guide  in  the  Wilderness. 
E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  III, 

1070. 

T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain. 
American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands. 

Land  Laws  of  the  United  States,  3  vols.,  Washington,  1884. 
Annals  of  Congress,  1  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  I,  622-632;    1  Cong., 

3  Sess.,  II,  1876-1884,  1888,  1889,  2017,  2026;  4  Cong., 

1  Sess.,   199,  328-355,  402-423,  856-868,  2905  (act  of 

1796).      These   debates   open  up   the   problem   of  the 

public  domain  and  democracy. 

Kentucky  and  Tennessee 

T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III,  ch.  1;  IV,  chs.  3 
and  5;  or  (Sagamore  edition)  part  IV,  ch.  1;  part  VI, 
chs.  1  and  3. 

G.  Imlay,  Topographical  Description  of  the  Western  Terri- 
tory of  America. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels,  III  (F.  A. 
Michaux  and  Harris). 

J.  Smith,  "  Tours  into  Kentucky,"  etc.,  in  Ohio  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Publications,  XVI,  348. 

J.  Phelan,  Tennessee. 

A.  V.  Goodpasture,  History  of  Tennessee. 

Western  New  York 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  ch.  6. 
W.  G.  Sumner,  Financier  and   Finances  of   the  American 
Revolution,  II,  252. 

E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Robert  Morris,  299-318. 

F.  W.  Halsey,  Old  New  York  Frontier. 


54 

W.  Cooper,  Guide  in  the  Wilderness,  4-12. 

O.   Turner,   Phelps  and    Gorham    Purchase;    and   Holland 

Purchase. 
J.  H.  Hotchkin,  Western  New  York. 

D.  R.  Fox,  The  Decline  of  Aristocracy  in  the  Politics  of  New 
York,  120-159. 

E.  B.  O'Callaghan,  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  II, 
667-670,  688. 

N.  M.   and   F.   Tiffany,    Harm   van   Huidekoper,    59,  et 

passim. 
H.  L.  Fairchild  (Ed.),  Travels  in  the  Years  1791  and  1792 

in  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  Vermont;  Journals  of 

Jofcn  Lincklaen,  Agent  of  the  Holland  Land  Company. 
Rochefoucauld-Liancourt,  Travels,  I,  234. 
P.    Campbell,    Travels   in  the   Interior   Habited   Parts   of 

North  America,  1791-1792. 
T.  Dwight,  Travels. 
T.  Weed,  Life,  I,  ch.  2. 

Pennsylvania 

E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Robert  Morris,  303. 

T.  Sergeant,  View  of  the  Land  Laws  of  Pennsylvania  with 
Notices  of  its  Early  History  and  Legislation. 

D.  Agnew,  Settlement  and  Land  Titles  of  Western  Penn- 
sylvania. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  150-152. 

Northwest  Territory 

*P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  chs.  3  and  4. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  III,  ch.  6,  or  (Sagamore 
edition)  part  V,  ch.  1. 

*E.  J.  Benton,  "  Establishing  the  American  Colonial  System 
in  the  Old  Northwest,"  in  Transactions  of  the  Illinois  His- 
torical Society,  1918,  47. 


55 

A.  B.  Hulbert,  "The  Scioto  Group/'  in  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Review,  I,  502;    II,  56;    and  Records  of  the 
Ohio  Co.,  Marietta  College  Historical  Collections,  I— II. 

J.  S.  Davis,  Essays  in  the  Earlier  History  of  American  Cor- 
porations. 

C.  L.  Shepard,  "The  Connecticut  Land  Company  and  Ac- 
companying Documents,"  in  Western  Reserve  Historical 
Society  Tracts,  XCVI,  59. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  ch.  7. 

W.  P.  Cutler,  Manasseh  Cutler. 

0.  Pickering  and  C.  W.  Upham,  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering. 

W.  P.  Cutler,  Life  of  Ephraim  Cutler. 

W.  H.  Smith  (Ed.),  St.  Clair  Papers. 

J.  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  280,  et  seq. 

B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  chs.  16,  19. 
R.  E.  Chaddock,  Ohio  before  1850. 

E.  Ferris,  Early  Settlement  of  Miami  County. 

F.  P.  Goodwin,  "  Growth  of  Ohio/'  in  University  of  Cin- 
cinnati Studies,  2d  series,  Vol.  II,  No.  4;  and  "Develop- 
ment of  the  Miami  Country/'  in  Ohio  Archaeological 
and  Historical  Publications,  XVIII,  484. 

H.  Rice,  Pioneers  of  Western  Reserve. 

W.  W.  Williams,  History  of  the  Fire  Lands. 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element,  I,  306,  417-431. 

J.  Smith,  in  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Publications, 

XVI,  348. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels,  III  and  IV. 
F.  Baily,  Tour  in  the  Unsettled  Parts  of  North  America. 

Bibliographies 

J.  Winsor,  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  VII, 
535,  n.  2,  547;  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England, 
194.  The  city  and  county  histories  and  the  publica- 
tions of  the  various  State  historical  societies  contain 
much  material  of  varying  worth. 


56 

Pioneer  Farming 

*G.  S.  Callender,  Selections  from  the  Economic  History  of 

the  United  States,  597-633,  666-673. 
*L.  Esarey,  "The  Pioneer  Aristocracy/7  in  Indiana  Magazine 

of  History,  XIII,  270-287. 
A.  B.  Hart,  American  History  told  by  Contemporaries,  II, 

392. 
C.   L.   Flint,    "  Hundred    Years'   Progress "   [of  American 

Agriculture],  in  Report  of  Commissioner  of  Agriculture, 

1872. 

K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  United  States,  104-128. 
Tenth  Census,  III,  Agriculture. 
I.  Lippincott,  "  Pioneer  Industry  in  the  West/'  in  Journal 

of  Political  Economy,  XVIII,  269. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  III-V,  see  XXXI, 

index  under  "Agriculture/'  "  Frontiersmen,"  etc. 
T.  Pitkin,  Statistical  View  of  the  Commerce  of  the  United 

States,  its  connection  with  Agriculture  and  Manufac- 
tures, New  York,  1817. 

T.  Coxe,  View  of  the  United  States,  Philadelphia,  1794. 
[Anonymous],  American  Husbandry,  London,  1775. 
American  Pioneer,  II,  442  (Ohio,  1800). 
St.  John  de  Crevecoeur,  Letters  from  an  American  Farmer, 

London.    See  his  Life  by  J.  P.  Mitchell. 
Marquis  de  Castellux,  Travels  in  North  America,  in  the 

Years  1780,  1781,  1782. 
Rochefoucault-Liancourt,  Travels  through  the  United  States 

of  North  America,  in  the  Years  1795,  1796,  1797,  e.  g., 

293-295. 
F.  Baily,  Journal  of  a  Tour  in  the  Unsettled  Parts  of  North 

America,  in  1796  and  1797,  198-202,  212,  216-235. 
I.  Weld,  Jr.,  Travels  through  the  States  of  North  America 

.  .  .  during  the  Years  1795,  1796,  and  1797,  e.  g.,  434. 
W.  Priest,  Travels  (1793-1797),  35. 


57 

*T.  Dwight,  Travels  in  New  England  and  New  York  (1796- 
1815),  e.  g.,  I,  458-463. 

A.  H.  Sanford,  History  of  Agriculture. 

A.  Shortt,  "  Life  of  the  Settler  in  Western  Canada  before  the 
War  of  1812  "  in  Bulletin  of  the  Departments  of  History 
[etc.],  in  Queens  University,  Kingston,  No.  12. 

C.  O.  Sauer,  Geography  of  the  Ozark  Highland,  96-126. 

G.  M.  Tucker,  American  Agricultural  Periodicals  (bibliog- 
raphy) . 

Pioneer  Ideals 

See  Section  I  above  in  this  List. 
H.  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  1-18. 
F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  269-310,  342- 

346,  358-359. 
J.  Schafer,  "The  Historical  Background  of  Reconstruction, " 

in  Cleveland  and  Schafer,  Democracy  in  Reconstruction, 

ch.  1. 
H.  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  52-59,  156- 

184. 
T.  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  the  West,  IV,  ch.  5;  or  (Sagamore 

edition)  part  VI,  ch.  3. 

F.  M.  Davenport,  Primitive  Traits  in  Religious  Revivals. 
H.  N.  McTyeire,  History  of  Methodism. 
W.  Speer,  The  Great  Revival  of  1800. 

C.  C.  Cleveland,  The  Great  Revival  in  the  West,  1797-1805. 
R.  Davidson,  History  of  Presbyterian  Church  in  Kentucky. 
T.  H.  Hotchkin,  History  of  Western  New  York. 

S.  B.  Weeks,  Southern  Quakers. 

D.  Zeisberger,  Diary. 

There  is  a  mass  of  printed  material  on  the  history 
of  the  various  sects,  both  for  the  United  States  and 
for  the  frontier  states,  as  well  as  biographies  of  pioneer 
preachers.  See  W.  H.  Allison's  Inventory  of  Protestant 
Manuscript  Material  for  the  Religious  History  of  the 


58 

United  States  (Carnegie  Institution),  and  J.  F.  Jameson 
in  American  Historical  Review,  XIII,  286-302,  on  the 
importance  of  American  church  history;  consult  the 
index  in  American  Historical  Association  Report,  1905, 
II,  for  references;  and  the  bibliography  in  the  various 
volumes  of  the  Church  History  series. 

XIV.     INDIANS  AND  THE  FOREIGN  RELATIONS  OF  THE 
WEST,  1804-1815 

General    Reading 

Guide,  §§  187,  188,  191,  192.    See  also  §§  III  and  XII  above 

in  this  List. 
J.   B.   McMaster,   History  of   the  People   of   the    United 

States,  III,  42-88,  429-432,  528-536,  556-560;  IV,  1-69, 

156-190,  265,  268. 

E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  155-168,  256-260. 
K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  22-36,  50-53, 

70,  80-105,  128-132,  144-149,  161-163,  178-185,  187- 

199. 
A.  T.  Mahan,  Sea  Power  in  its  Relation  to  the  War  of  1812, 1, 

292-311,  337-350,  351-386;  II,  28-40,  62-123,  355-436. 
H.  Adams,  History  of  the  United  States,  II,  ch.  3;    III, 

chs.  10-14,  19;    VI,  chs.  4,  5,  7,  11,  14,  16;   VII,  chs. 

4-6,  9-10;  VIII,  chs.  1,  11-14;  IX,  chs.  1-2. 
W.  F.  McCaleb,  Aaron  Burr  Conspiracy. 
I.  J.  Cox,  The  West  Florida  Controversy  1798-1813,  chs.  5- 

17;  and  "  Pan-American  Policy  of  Jefferson  and  Wilkin- 
son," in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  I,  212. 

Maps 

E.  Channing,  Jeffersonian  System,  258  (Indian  cessions). 
K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  88,  272,  276. 
P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System,  164  (Indian  cessions). 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  310  (Indian  cessions). 


Indian   Relations 

A.  H.  Abel,  "  Indian  Consolidation/ 7  in  Report  of  American 
Historical  Association,  1906,  I,  241-275  (with  extensive 
bibliography). 

I.  J.  Cox,  "  Indian  as  Diplomatic  Factor/7  in  Ohio  Archae- 
ological and  Historical  Publications,  XVIII,  542. 

K.  Colgrove,  "  Congress  and  the  Pioneers/7  in  Iowa  Journal 
of  History  and  Politics,  VIII,  49-57,  66-76  (Burr),  89- 
114  (Indians). 

Eighteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology 
(maps  of  cessions). 

Handbook  of  American  Indians,  Bureau  of  Ethnology  Bul- 
letin 30  (bibliography  in  II,  1179). 

F.  E.  Wilson,  Peace  of  Mad  Anthony. 

The  West  in  the  War  of  1812 

Annals  of  Congress,  12  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  426,  445-450,  457; 

12  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  709;  13  Cong.,  3  Sess.,  Appendix,  1331. 

Illustrative  of  the  attitude  toward  expansion. 
J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  I,  77,  207. 
Congressional  Globe,  25  Cong.,  3  Sess.,  Appendix,  52-53 

(Benton  on  results  of  Jackson's  campaigns). 
M.  M.  Quaife,  Chicago  and  the  Old  Northwest. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  Wisconsin,  chs.  7  and  8. 
Wisconsin    Historical   Collections,  IX,  137-281;    XI,  254- 

355;  XII,  133-153;  XIII,  1-162. 
E.  A.  Cruikshank,  "  Documents  relating  to  the  Invasion  of 

Canada  and  the  Surrender  of  Detroit/7  in  Canadian  Ar- 
chives, Publication  No.  7. 
Michigan  Pioneer  Collections,  XV,  XXV. 
W.    C.    Ferril,    in    Missouri    Historical    Review,    October, 

1909. 
W.  R,  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  200  (map). 


60 


Attitude  of  New  England  Federalists  toward  the  West 

*S.  E.  Morison,  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  II,  78-200'. 

H.  Adams,  New  England  Federalism;  and  History  of  United 
States,  IV,  ch.  10;  VIII,  ch.  11. 

Hockett,  "  Federalism  and  the  West,"  in  Turner  Essays 
in  American  History,  113. 

Welling,  "  Connecticut  Federalism,"  in  New  York  His- 
torical Society  Proceedings,  1890, 

H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents  on  Federal  Relations,  Nos. 
1  and  2. 

E.  Quincy,  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy. 

XV.  THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  NORTH  CENTRAL  STATES 
(LAKE  AND  PRAIRIE  PLAINS),  1800-1850 

General    Reading 

Guide,  §'  193. 

*F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  chs.  4-6,  and  336,  341- 
344  (bibliography);  and  Frontier  in  American  History, 
126-137,  193,  195,  222-229,  346,  356;  and  Sections  and 
Nation;  the  United  States,  1830-50  (in  preparation);  and 
"  Middle  West,"  in  International  Monthly,  IV,  794. 

*E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  chs.  2  and  15. 

*J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 
IV,  381-403;  VII,  102-106,  190-229. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  chs.  7-8.  ^ 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States,  I,  chs. 
14-15. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels  (see  index). 

A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  329  (bibliography  of 
travel). 


61 

Geography 

See  references  on  pages  32  and  33  above  in  this  List. 

A.  K.  Lobeck,  Physiographic  Diagram  of  the  United  States, 
description  of  the  "  Interior  Lowlands.77 

J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  82-84. 

Frank  Leverett,  maps  of  glaciated  areas  in  U.  S.  Geological 
Survey,  Monograph  XXXVIII,  plate  vi  (Illinois),  XLI, 
plate  ii  (Ohio),  LIII,  plate  v  (general  diagram  of  ice 
border  of  Great  Lakes),  plate  vi  (Indiana). 

A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influences,  ch.  5. 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Condi- 
tions, ch.  9. 

F.  Carney,  "  Geographic  Influences  in  the  Development  of 
Ohio/'  in  Popular  Science  Monthly,  LXXV,  479. 

H.  H.  Barrows,  Geography  of  the  Middle  Illinois  Valley, 
Illinois  State  Geological  Survey  Bulletin,  No.  15. 

G.  D.  Hubbard,  "  A  Case  of  Geographic  Influence/7  in  Ameri- 

can Geographic  Society  Journal,  XXXVI,  145. 

D.  C.  Ridgley,  Geography  of  Illinois. 

G.  J.  Miller,  Geographic  Influences  in  the  Settlement  of 
Michigan,  Bulletin  of  American  Geographic  Society,  XLV, 
321. 

F.  V.  Emerson,  Geography  of  Missouri,  University  of  Mis- 
souri Bulletin,  Educational  Series,  I,  No.  IV,  40-63. 

R.  H.  Whitbeck,  The  Geography  and  Industries  of  Wiscon- 
sin, Wisconsin  Geological  and  Natural  History  Survey, 
Bulletin  XXVI. 

State  Settlements 

W.  C.  Howells,  Recollections  of  Life  in  Ohio. 
W.  D.  Howells,  Days  of  My  Youth. 
W.  H.  Venable,  A  Buckeye  Boyhood. 
R.  E.  Chaddock,  Ohio  before  1850. 

W.  F.  Gephart,  Transportation  and  Industrial  Develop- 
ment in  the  Middle  West. 


62 

H.  Howe,  Historical  Collections  of  Ohio. 

Goodwin,  "  Growth  of  Ohio,"  in  University  of  Cincinnati 

Studies,  2d  Series,  II. 
L.  Esarey,  History  of  Indiana. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  "Hoosier  Domesday,"  in  Indiana  Historical 
Society  Publications,  VI,  253. 

R.  Carlton  [B.  R.  Hall],  New  Purchase. 

E.  Eggleston,  Hoosier  Schoolmaster  (Historical  Fiction). 

W.  H.  Smith,  History  of  Indiana. 

M.  Nicholson,  The  Hoosiers. 

J.  S.  Stickney,  Pioneer  Indianapolis. 

J.  A.  Woodburn,  "  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians  in  Monroe 
County,  Indiana,"  in  Indiana  Historical  Society  Publi- 
cations, IV,  437. 

L.  Coffin,  Reminiscences. 

S.  B.  Weeks,  Southern  Quakers. 

C.  W.  Alvord,  The  Illinois  Country. 

S.  J.  Buck,  Illinois  in  1818. 

T.  P.  Pease,  The  Frontier  State. 

Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  chs.  1-3. 

I.  Tarbell,  Early  Life  of  Lincoln,  chs.  1-10. 

Lea  and  Hutchinson,  Ancestry  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

W.  E.  Barton,  Paternity  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Atkinson,   "  Lincoln's  Boyhood,"  in  American  Magazine, 

LXV,  360,  February,  1908. 
A.  C.  Boggess,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  1778-1830. 
W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois  from  1830-1850,  chs. 

1-4,  9,  14,  pp.  576-595  (bibliography). 

G.  N.  Fuller,  Economic  and  Social  Beginnings  of  Michigan. 
C.  F.  Hoffman,  A  Winter  in  the  West. 

J.  Viles,  "  Population  and  Settlement  in  Missouri  before 
1804,"  in  Missouri  Historical  Review,  V,  189. 


63 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Wisconsin. 

E.  D.  Coe,  "Rock  River  Pioneering,"  in  Wisconsin  Historical 

Society  Proceedings,  1907,  189. 

C.  Goodwin,  "American  Occupation  of  Iowa,"  Iowa  Journal    )( 
of  History,  XVII,  83. 

F.  Herriott,  "Whence  Came  the  Pioneers  of  Iowa?"  in  An- 
nals of  Iowa,  VII,  367,  446. 

C.  Goodwin,  The  Trans-Mississippi  West,  ch.  8.  X 

W.  W.  Folwell,  History  of  Minnesota,  ch.  8. 

Contemporaneous  Accounts 

T.  Flint,  Recollections  of  the  Last  Ten  Years;  and  History 

and  Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
J.  Hall,  Letters  from  the  West. 
H.  Martineau,  Society  in  America;  and  Retrospect. 
J.  M.  Peck,  Guide  for  Emigrants. 
R.  Babcock  (Ed.),  Forty  Years  of  Pioneer  Life;  Memoir 

of  John  Mason  Peck,  D.D.,  edited  from  his  Journals 

and  Correspondence. 
R.  Carlton  [B.  R.  Hall]  New  Purchase. 

See  also  state  gazetteers  and  descriptions  and  histories  of 

the  leading  cities  of  the  section. 

Bibliography 

There  is  a  mass  of  material  regarding  pioneer  settlement 
in  historical  society  publications  in  the  various  states. 
See  American  Historical  Association  Report,  1905,  II,  for 
references;  use  the  index.  For  travellers'  descriptions, 
see  the  bibliography  in  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  Ameri- 
can Nation,  XVI,  329,  and  use  the  index  volumes  to  Thwaites 
(Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels.  Some  of  the  county  histories 
are  valuable.  For  examples  of  their  use,  see  Pooley  and  Fuller 
as  cited  above. 


64 

Maps 

Census  of  the  United  States:  Statistical  Atlas,  maps  of 
density  of  population  by  decades;  see  the  volume  on 
Population,  I,  for  statistics  of  increase  of  population  and 
apportionment  of  congressional  representatives. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  in  Publications  of  Buffalo  Historical  So- 
ciety, XIV,  192,  194,  196  (spheres  of  influence  of  the  set- 
tlers coming  from  the  coast). 

XVI.     THE  SETTLEMENT  OF  THE  SOUTH  CENTRAL  STATES 
(GULF  PLAINS)  TO  1850 

General    Reading 
Guide,  §  193. 

*W.  E.  Dodd,  The  Cotton  Kingdom. 
F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  45-47,  70-71,  73-75,  90- 

95;  and  Sections  and  Nation.    (In  preparation.) 
W.  L.  Fleming,  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  in  Alabama, 

ch.  1. 

W.  H.  Collins,  Domestic  Slave  Trade. 
Callender,  in  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  XVII,   127- 

131;    and  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  306- 

321. 

J.  Hodgson,  Cradle  of  the  Confederacy,  ch.  1. 
The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  passim. 
U.  B.  Phillips,  American  Negro  Slavery,  chs.  10-13;    and 

Robert  Toombs,  ch.  1. 

Geography 

See  references  under  XV,  Maps,  above. 
*H.  H.  Bennett,  Soils  and  Agriculture  of  the  Southern  States. 
H.  F.  Cleland,  "The  Black  Belt  of  Alabama/7  in  Geographical 

Review,  X,  375-387;  see  also,  VIII,  274. 
R.  M.  Harper,  "Economic  Botany  of  Alabama,"  in  Geo- 
graphical Report,  Geological  Survey  of  Alabama,  Mon- 


65 

ograph  8;  and  "Some  Relations  between  Soil,  Climate, 
and  Civilization  in  the  Southern  Red  Hills  of  Alabama," 
in  South  Atlantic  Quarterly,  XIX,  201. 

M.  Tuomey,  First  Biennial  Report  on  the  Geology  of  Ala- 
bama. 

W.  E.  W.  Yerby,  History  of  Greensboro,  Alabama. 

Tenth  Census  of  United  States,  1880,  V,  Cotton,  part  I, 
pp.  1,  18,  111,  211,  383,  545;  part  II,  pp.  9,  277. 

C.  Kelsey,  Negro  Farmer. 

F.  V.  Emerson,  "  Geographical  Influences  in  American 
Slavery,"  in  Bulletin  American  Geographical  Society. 
XLIII,  12-36,  106-118,  170-181. 

A.  C.  Cole,  Whig  Party  in  the  South,  appendix  (maps). 

A.  B.  Hart,  Southern  South,  20-24. 

State  Settlement 

T.  H.  Jack,  Sectionalism  and  Party  Politics  in  Alabama, 
1819-42. 

T.  P.  Abernethy,  Formative  Period  in  Alabama,  1815-28. 

T.  M.  Owen,  History  of  Alabama;  and  "Bibliography  of  Ala- 
bama," in  American  Historical  Association  Report,  1897, 
777-1248. 

A.  J.  Pickett,  History  of  Alabama,  II,  chs.  27-41. 

F.  L.  Riley,  School  History  of  Mississippi,  chs.  9-31. 
J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi,  I,  chs.  19-33. 
T.  M.  Owen,  "Bibliography  of  Mississippi,"  in  American  His- 
torical Association  Report,  1899,  I,  633-828. 

Reminiscences  and  Contemporaneous  Accounts 

*S.  D.  Smedes,  Memorials  of  a  Southern  Planter,  42-68. 
"  Autobiography   of    Gideon    Lincecum,"    in   Publications 

of  Mississippi  Historical  Society,  VIII,  443. 
U.  B.   Phillips   (Ed.),   Documentary  History  of  American 

Industrial  Society,  II,  185-218. 


66 

F.  L.  Olmstead,  Journey  in  the  Seaboard  Slave  States,  II, 
chs.  4-6;  and  Cotton  Kingdom,  I,  chs.  8,  9,  and  II,  chs. 
1-4. 

T.  Flint,  History  and  Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

W.  Garrett,  Reminiscences  of  Public  Men  in  Alabama. 

M.  J.  Welsh,  "  Recollections  of  Pioneer  Life  in  Mississippi," 

in  Publications  of  Mississippi  Historical  Society,   IV, 

343. 
Gaines,    "  Reminiscences  of   Early  Times  in  Mississippi/' 

in  Alabama  Historical  Reports,  II. 

J.  G.  Baldwin,  Flush  Times  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 
[A.  B.  Longstreet],  Georgia  Scenes. 
[G.  R.  Gilmer],  Sketches  of  Some  of  the  First  Settlers  of 

Upper  Georgia. 

J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Quitman. 
R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels,  index. 
C.  Lyell,  Second  Visit  to  the  United  States. 
B.  Hall,  Forty  Etchings  from  Sketches  in  North  America, 

1827,  1828. 

A.  Hodgson,  Letters  from  North  America. 
The  Southwest,  by  a  Yankee. 

Bibliography 
See  XV,  Bibliography,  above. 

Note.  Sections  XVII-XXIV  develop  topically  various  aspects  of 
the  West,  principally  east  of  the  Mississippi  River  to  1850.  The 
student  should  review  them  in  cross  sections  by  periods,  e.g.,  1830- 
40,  1840-50,  relating  the  separate  subjects  to  the  political  and  social 
history  of  the  periods  and  correlating  them  with  each  other.  For 
example,  the  relations  between  the  public  lands  and  settlement, 
banking,  and  transportation  should  be  brought  out.  The  relation  of 
the  production  of  a  surplus  in  the  different  regions  to  internal  com- 
merce, transportation  and  internal  improvement,  currency  and 
banking,  and  the  tariff,  should  be  clearly  perceived  and  connected 
with  the  political  events  and  stages  of  social  growth  in  the  successive 


67 

periods.  When  this  is  done,  the  student  will  find  certain  dates  which 
mark  natural  periods  in  the  development  of  the  West  during  these 
years. 

XVII.    GOVERNMENT  IN  THE  WEST,  1800-1850 

General    Reading 
See  XI,  XII,  above. 

E.  J.  Benton,  "  Establishing  the  American  Colonial  System  in 
the  Old  Northwest/7  in  Illinois  Historical  Society  Trans- 
actions, 1918,  47. 

*B.  A.  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest,  298-392. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 
V,  379-393,  408-410. 

H.  Adams,  History  of  United  States,  II,  chs.  5-6. 

H.  C.  Hockett,  "  Federalism  and  the  West/7  in  Turner  Es- 
says, 113. 

K.  C.  Colgrove,  "Congress  and  the  Pioneers/7  in  Iowa  Jour- 
nal, VIII,  34. 

F.  N.  Thorpe,  Constitutional  History  of  American  People, 
I,  chs.  7-9. 

D.  G.  McCarty,  Territorial  Governors  of  the  Old  North- 
west. 

*M.  Farrand,  The  Legislation  of  Congress  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  Organized  Territories  of  the  United  States. 

Organic  Acts  for  the  Territories  of  the  United  States,  56 
Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Senate  Doc.  No.  148. 

F.  N.  Thorpe  (Ed.),  Constitutions  and  Charters. 

G.  E.  Howard,  Local  Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States,  I,  413. 

B.  F.  Shambaugh  (Ed.),  Documentary  Material  relating 
to  the  History  of  Iowa  (includes  general  Western 
material) . 

H.  Gannett,  Boundaries  of  the  United  States,  Bulletin  of 
United  States  Geological  Survey,  No.  226. 


68 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  "'Division  of  the  Northwest  into  States," 
in  his  How  George  Rogers  Clark  won  the  Northwest, 
ch.  2  (maps). 

Territories  and  States 

W.  H.  Smith,  St.  Clair  Papers  (Ohio). 

J.  W.  Caldwell,  Constitutional  History  of  Tennessee. 

H.  J.  Webster,  Harrison's  Administration  of  Indiana  territory. 

J.  P.  Dunn,  Indiana. 

J.  Moses,  Illinois,  I. 

N.  W.  Edwards,  History  of  Illinois. 

J.  C.  Parish,  Robert  Lucas,  chs.  13-14  and  pp.  312-313 
(bibliography  of  Ohio-Michigan  Line). 

A.  M.  Soule,  "  Southern  and  Western  Boundary  of  Michi- 
gan," Michigan  Political  Science  Association,  II. 

A.  M.  Schlesinger,  "  Basis  of  the  Ohio-Michigan  Boundary 
Dispute,"  in  C.  E.  Sherman  (Ed.),  Ohio-Michigan  Bound- 
ary, Final  Report,  I,  59. 

G.  J.  Miller,  " Establishment  of  Michigan's  Boundaries,"  in 
Bulletin  American  Geographical  Society,  XLIII,  339. 

A.  H.  Sanford,  "State  Sovereignty  Sentiment  in  Wisconsin," 
in  American  Historical  Association  Report,  1891,  180-183. 

J.  C.  Parish,  Robert  Lucas,  ch.  22. 

A.  C.  McLaughlin,  Lewis  Cass. 

J.  F.  H.  Claiborne,  Mississippi. 

A.  J.  Pickett,  Alabama. 

D.  W.  Parker  (Ed.),  Calendar  of  Papers  in  Washington 
Archives  relating  to  the  Territories  of  the  United  States 
(Carnegie  Institution). 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  202-203. 

Bibliography  of  Legal  Status 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  pp.  261-263,  295,  300,  354-358. 


69 

XVIII.   SLAVERY  IN  THE  WEST,  1787-1850 
General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  170,  180,  197,  209-211. 

*F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  6-7  (map),  45-66,  90-95,  149-171, 

325;   and  Sections  and  Nation  (in  preparation). 
W.  E.  Dodd,  Cotton  Kingdom. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 

III,  521-528;  IV,  570-600;  V,  187-191;  VI,  467-490. 
C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  I,  27-31,  172-202;   II,  69-94,  152- 

170. 

W.  N.  Meigs,  Life  of  Calhoun,  I,  ch.  12;  II,  chs.  1,  11,  12. 
U.  B.  Phillips,  American  Negro  Slavery. 
A.  C.  Cole,  Whig  Party  in  the  South. 
G.  S.  Callender,  Selections  from  the  Economic  History  of 

the  United  States,  ch.  15. 

The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  V,  passim. 
Briefer  views  in  any  college  history  of  the  United  States. 

Westward  Advance  of  Cotton  and  Slavery 

F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  45-95. 

U.  B.  Phillips,  "  Origin  and  Growth  of  the  Southern  Black 

Belts/'  in  American  Historical  Review,  XI,  798-816. 
F.    V.    Emerson,    "  Geographic    Influences    in     American 

Slavery,"    in   Bulletin   of    the   American   Geographical 

Society,  XLIII,  passim,  and  separately  (maps). 
M.  B.  Hammond,  Cotton  Industry,  I,  1-76. 
W.  H.  Collins,  Domestic  Slave  Trade. 
C.  H.  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Virginia,  185-218. 
S.    B.    Weeks,    "  Anti-Slavery    Sentiment   in   the    South," 

in  Southern  History  Association  Publications,  II,  No.  2, 

and  Southern  Quakers  and  Slavery, 


70 


Regulation  of  Slavery  in  the  New  Territories  and  States, 
1784-1840 

J.  A.  Barrett,  Evolution  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787. 
Mary  S.  Locke,  Anti-Slavery  in  America  (1619-1808),  122, 
157,  165. 

Alice  D.  Adams,  Neglected  Period  of  Anti-Slavery  (1808- 

1830). 

Mary  Tremain,  Slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 
T.  C.  Smith,  Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties,  chs.  1-5. 
A.  E.  Martin,  Anti-Slavery  Movement  in  Kentucky  Prior  to 

1850. 

C.  T.  Hickok,  The  Negro  in  Ohio,  1802-1870. 
R.  E.  Chaddock,  Ohio  before  1850,  ch.  4. 
J.  P.  Dunn,  Indiana. 
N.  D.  Harris,  Negro  Servitude  in  Illinois. 
T.  M.  Cooley,  Michigan. 
J.  N.  Davidson,  "  Negro  Slavery  in  Wisconsin,"  in  Wisconsin 

Historical  Society  Proceedings,  1892,  83. 
L.  Pelzer,  "  Negro  and  Slavery  in  Early  Iowa,"  in  Iowa 

Journal  of  History  and  Politics,  II,  471. 
H.  A.  Trexler,  "  Slavery  in  Missouri,"  in  Johns  Hopkins 

University  Studies,  Series  XXXII. 

See  histories  of  the  various  South  Central  states, 
•     and  references  under  §§  XV,  XVI,  XVII  in  this  List. 

The  Significance  of  the  Missouri  Compromise 

F.  J.  Turner,  New  West,  ch.  10. 

F.  H.  Hodder,  "  Sidelights  on  the  Missouri  Compromise,"  in 

American  Historical  Association  Report,  1909,  151. 
J.  A.  Woodburn,  Missouri  Compromise,  ibid.,  1893,  249, 


71 

XIX.   THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN,  1800-1850 

General  Reading 

*P.  J.  Treat,  The  National  Land  System,  1785-1820,  94- 
161,  263-285,  370-390;  and  "  Public  Lands/'  in  Mc- 
Laughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern- 
ment, III,  93. 

*R.  G.  Wellington,  Political  and  Sectional  Influence  of  the 
Public  Lands,  1828-42. 

*G.  M.  Stephenson,  Political  History  of  the  Public  Lands, 
1840-62. 

Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office,  "  The  Public 
Lands  of  the  United  States,"  61  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc. 
No.  445. 

*J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  V, 
170-183;  VI,  11-24. 

*W.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  276-291. 

*A.  B.  Hart,  Practical  Essays,  No.  10. 

*Sato,  "History  of  the  Land  Question,"  in  Johns  Hopkins 
University  Studies,  IV. 

Colgrove,  "  Congress  and  the  Pioneers,"  in  Iowa  Journal 
of  History  and  Politics,  VIII,  15-34. 

S.  L.  Sioussat,  "  Andrew  Johnson  and  the  Early  Phases  of  the 
Homestead  Bill,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review, 
V,  253. 

J.  C.  Ballagh,  "  Southern  Economic  History :  Tariff  and 
Public  Lands,"  in  American  Historical  Association  Re- 
port, 1898,  235-241. 

E.  G.  Wakefield,  England  and  America,  II;  and  Art  of 
Colonization. 

Earl  of  Durham's  Report  on  the  Affairs  of  British  North 
America,  Parliamentary  Papers,  1839,  XVII,  74  (com- 
paring the  public  land  policy  of  Canada  and  the  United 
States), 


72 

Public  Documents 

American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands. 

*T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain. 

*Laws  of  United  States  relating  to   Public  Land,   House 

Misc.  Doc.  No.  45,  47  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  serial  nos.  1975, 

1976. 

The  Credit  System 

P.  J.  Treat,  The  National  Land  System,  chs.  5-6. 

C.  F.  Emerick,  "The  Credit  System  and  the  Public  Do- 
main," in  Vanderbilt  Southern  History  Society  Publica- 
tion, No.  3. 

J.  Hall,  Statistics  of  the  West,  Cincinnati  (1836),  172-186. 

American  State  Papers,  Finance,  III,  551,  718  (Crawford's 
Report,  1821). 

Squatters  and  Land  Claims  Associations 

A.  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  of  our  National  Land  Sys- 
tem, 112-142. 

P.  J.  Treat,  The  National  Land  System,  123,  163,  373n,386. 

B.  Shambaugh,  History  of  the  Constitutions  of  Iowa,  30- 
65;  and  Claim  Association  of  Johnson  County,  Iowa. 

J.   Macy,  " Institutional   Beginnings  of   a  Western    State 

(Iowa),"  in  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  II. 
T.  C.  Pease,  The  Frontier  State,  180-188. 
B.  H.  Hibbard,   History    of  Agriculture  in  Dane   County 

[Wisconsin]. 
J.  R.  Commons  (Ed.),  Documentary  History  of  American 

Industrial  Society,  VIII,  44-51. 
Register  of  Debates,  24  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  XIII,  549,  554,  768 

(1837). 
Congressional  Globe,  25  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Appendix,  129-143. 


73 


Labor  and  the  Public  Domain 

J.  R.  Commons  (Ed.),  Documentary  History  of  American 
Industrial  Society,  V-VIII;  and  "  Horace  Greeley  and 
the  Working  Class  Origins  of  the  Republican  Party," 
in  Political  Science  Quarterly,  XXIV,  478. 

Graduation  and  Donation 

W.  M.  Meigs,  Thonlas  Hart  Benton,  162  and  citations. 

T.  H.   Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  I,   102;  II,   126;    and 

Speech   in  Senate   on   Public    Lands   (May  16,   1826), 

Cong.  Debates,  19  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  II,  720  (illustrative). 
Sioussat,  "  Some  Phases  of  Tennessee  Politics  in  the  Jackson 

Period/'  in  American  Historical  Review,  XIV,  51. 
American  State  Papers,  Public  Lands,  IV,  V  (memorials). 
Report  of  Committee  on  Public  Lands,  House  (December 

27,   1833),  in  Register  of  Debates,  X,  Appendix,  213 

(illustrative). 
J.  Q.  Adams,  Memoirs,  IX,  247-248. 

Limitation  of  Sales  (Foot's  Resolution  of  December  29, 1829). 

T.  H.  Benton,  View,  I,  130. 

Congressional  Debates,  VI,  3-7,  11-16,  22-41,  42-73, 
95-119,  etc. 

Compare  report  of  Secretary  of  Treasury  Rush  (December 
8,  1827),  Congressional  Debates,  20  Cong.,  1  Sess., 
Appendix,  IV,  part  i,  pp.  2831-2832,  and  in  Callender, 
Economic  History  of  United  States,  552-561,  652-654. 

Distribution  of  the  Proceeds  of  the  Public  Lands 

H.  Clay,  Works  (Colton  edition),  VI,  56-85,  437-481. 
C.  Schurz,  Clay  (index,  "  Lands  "). 

T..H.  Benton,  View,  I,  275-278,  362-369,  649-657,  707-711. 

*Congressional  Debates,  22  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  VIII,  part  iii, 

pp.  112-127  (Clay's  report,  1832,  and  counter  report). 


74 

Relinquishment  to  the  States 

J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  I,  634;  V,  208-242. 

DeBow's  Commercial  Review,  XVII,  140. 

Senate  Docs.  No.  640,  26  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  VII  (report  of 
1840). 

Register  of  Debates,  24  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  XIII,  729-736,  740- 
753  (Debate  on  Calhoun's  proposal  to  relinquish,  1837). 

N.  Edwards,  History  of  Illinois,  105  (Ninian  Edwards'  pro- 
posals in  1826). 

Preemption 

A.  C.  Ford,  Colonial  Precedents  of  our  National  Land  Sys- 
tem, 123-142. 

P.  J.  Treat,  National  Land  System  (index,  "  Preemption  "), 
especially  383-386. 

T.  Donaldson,  Public  Domain,  214. 

T.  H.  Benton,  View,  II,  125. 

S.  Sato,  Land  Question. 

J.  J.  Lalor  (Ed.),  Cyclopedia  of  Political  Science,  I,  175. 

Congressional  Globe,  26  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  IX,  14,  and  Appen- 
dix, 18-32,  34-58,  et  passim. 
See  references  above  under  Squatters. 

Donations  for  Settlement 

W.  M.  Meigs,  Benton,  162  and  citations  (Florida),  176. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Oregon,  I,  373,  379  (Linn  bills  of  1840, 1842). 

XX.   INTERNAL  COMMERCE,  1815-1850 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §  201. 

I.  Lippincott,  "  Internal  Trade  of  the  United  States,  1700- 
1860,"  in  Washington  University  Studies,  IV,  part  ii,  91- 
150;  and  Economic  Development  of  the  United  States, 
247-264. 


75 

E.  R.  Johnson  (Ed.),  Domestic  and  Foreign  Commerce  of  the 
United  States,  I,  193-253. 

*F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  28,  31-36,  96-106. 

R.  B.  Way,  "  Mississippi  Valley  and  Internal  Improve- 
ments, 1825-1840,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Asso- 
ciation Proceedings,  IV,  153-162. 

G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  271- 
276,  313-327,  337-338. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  188- 
189,  208-210. 

T.  W.  Van  Metre,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
223-228,  263-285,  356-365. 

J.  D.  B.  DeBow,  Industrial  Resources  of  the  Southern  and 
Western  States. 

Basins  of  Agricultural  Surplus 

*Census  of  United  States,  1860,  Agriculture.  The  historical 
introductions  are  valuable.  Compare  for  statistics,  Census 
of  United  States,  1900,  V,  VI. 

Agricultural  Atlas  of  the  United  States,  Bureau  of  Farm 
Management,  Department  of  Agriculture.  See  the  maps 
and  text  showing  distribution,  in  successive  census  periods, 
of  cotton,  wheat,  corn,  and  livestock.  This  atlas  is  appear- 
ing in  successive  parts. 

A.  H.  Sanford,  History  of  American  Agriculture. 

T.  N.  Carver,  "  Historical  Sketch  of  American  Agriculture," 
in  L.  H.  Bailey  (Ed.),  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture, 
IV,  50-64. 

W.  J.  Trimble,  Introductory  Manual  for  the  Study  and 
Reading  of  Agrarian  History. 

L.  B.  Schmidt,  Topical  Studies  and  References  on  the  Eco- 
nomic History  of  American  Agriculture. 

W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  ch.  14. 


76 

J.  G.  Thompson,  Rise  and  Decline  of  the  Wheat  Growing 
Industry  in  Wisconsin,  15-39,  112,  113,  121-130,  159. 

B.  H.  Hibbard,  History  of  Agriculture  in  Dane  County,  Wis- 
consin. 

J.  Caird,  Prairie  Farming  in  America. 

Special  Studies 

G.  S.  Callender,  "  Early  Transportation  and  Banking 
Enterprises  of  the  States/ '  in  Quarterly  Journal  of 
Economics,  XVII. 

F.  A.  Cleveland  and  Powell,  Railroad  Promotion,  ch.  7. 

W.  F.  Gephart,  Transportation  and  Industrial  Development 
in  the  Middle  West. 

C.  W.  Wright,  Wool  Growing  and  the  Tariff.   See  also  maps 
in  H.  C.  Taylor  "  Place  of  Economics  in  Agricultural 
Education, "  in  University  of  Wisconsin  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station  Bulletin  No.  16  (1911). 

Switzler,  Report  on  Internal  Commerce  (1887),  Treasury 
Department,  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Serial  No.  10396. 

"Grain  Trade  of  the  United  States,"  Monthly  Summary  of 
Commerce  and  Finance  of  United  States,  January,  1900, 
No.  VII,  1957-2020. 

I.  D.  Andrews,  Report  on  Colonial  and  Lake  Trade,  32 
Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  112.  (1854.) 

F.  H.  Dixon,  Traffic  History  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Monette,  "  Progress  of  Navigation  and  Commerce  on  the 
Waters  of  the  Mississippi  River  and  Great  Lakes,  1700- 
1846,"  in  Publications  of  Mississippi  Historical  Society, 
VII,  479. 

Report  of  Secretary  of  Treasury,  1854-55. 

Eighty  Years'  Progress  of  the  United  States. 

H.  V.  Poor,  Manual  of  Railroads,  1881. 

T.  Pitkin,  Statistical  View  (1835). 

S.  Hazard,  U.  S.  Commercial  and  Statistical  Register. 

J.  R.  McCulloch,  Dictionary  of  Commerce. 


77 

J.  MacGregor,  Commercial  Statistics. 

H.  S.  Tanner  (Pub.),  View  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi 
(1834). 

J.  Flint,  History  and  Geography  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 
(1833). 

J.  Hall,  The  West:  its  Commerce  and  Navigation,  1845 
(and  earlier  editions). 

Such  periodicals  as:  American  Almanac;  Hunt's  Merchants' 
Magazine  (e.  g.,  VII,  438,  447;  IX,  31,  154);  DeBow's 
Commercial  Review;  Niles'  Register;  American  Whig 
Review;  and  Bankers'  Magazine;  offer  a  mine  of  useful 
information;  table  of  contents  or  index  makes  it  possi- 
ble to  get  a  general  knowledge  of  the  material. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  XXXI-XXXII. 

See  index,  "  Commerce — domestic";    and   under 
names  of  the  various  Western  cities. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  342  (list  of  gazetteers 
and  guides). 

A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  329  (travellers). 

A.  Hasse,  Index  of  Economic  Material  in  Documents  of  the 
States. 

Annals  of  Congress,  Register  of  Debates,  Congressional 
Globe,  contain  speeches  of  Western  members,  especially 
in  connection  with  debates  on  public  lands,  tariff,  inter- 
nal improvements,  currency  and  banking,  which  cast 
light  on  internal  commerce. 

Studies  of  Special  Areas 

The  histories  of  cities,  reports  of  their  boards  of  trade,  etc., 

give  useful  data  on  the  tributary  regions. 
See  also  data  on  turnpikes,  canals,  railroads,  etc.,  for  the 

industrial  resources  and  trade  of  the  adjacent  regions. 
W.  F.  Gephart,  Transportation  and  Industrial  Development 

in  the  Middle  West. 


78 

F.  P.  Goodwin,  "  Rise  of  Manufactures  in  the  Miami 
Country,"  in  American  Historical  Review,  XII,  761;  and 
"  Growth  of  Ohio,"  in  University  of  Cincinnati  Studies, 
Series  II,  Vol.  II,  No.  4;  and  "  Building  a  Commercial 
System"  [Miami  Country],  in  Ohio  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Quarterly,  XVI,  316. 

I.  F.  King,  "The  Coming  and  Going  of  Ohio  Droving," 
in  Ohio  Archaeological  and  Historical  Society  Publica- 
tions, XVII,  247. 

W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois  from  1830  to  1850,  ch.  4. 

E.  J.  Benton,  The  Wabash  Trade  Route. 

Libby,  "  The  Lead  and  Shot  Trade  in  Early  Wisconsin 
History,"  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  XIII, 
293-374;  cf.  Wisconsin  Academy  Transactions,  XIII, 
188. 

I.  Lippincott,  "  Industrial  Influence  of  Lead  Mining  in 
Missouri,"  in  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  XX,  695-715. 

W.  R.  Ingalls,  History  of  Lead  and  Zinc  Mining;  and 
Chronology  of  Lead  Mining,  Institute  of  Mining  Engi- 
neers, XXXII,  979. 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade  of  the  Far  West. 

Gregg,  Commerce  of  the  Prairies  (Thwaites  edition),  Early 
Western  Travels,  XIX-XX. 

XXI.   TRANSPORTATION  AND  INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENT, 
1816-1850 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  194,  201. 
K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  ch.  15. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  chs.  13,  17,  and  pp. 
348-349. 

B.  H.  Meyer,  History  of  Transportation. 
E.  Channing,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  ch.  1. 
W.   MacDonald,   Jacksonian  Democracy,   ch.   8,   and  pp. 
323-324. 


79 

A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  3. 

These  references  to  the  American   Nation  (XIII- 
XVI)  together  furnish  a  general  survey  of  the  period. 

R.  B.  Way,  "  Mississippi  Valley  and  Internal  Improve- 
ments, 1825-1840,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Association  Proceedings,  IV,  153-180. 

W.  Z.  Ripley,  Railroad:  Rates  and  Regulation,  ch.  1. 

*J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 
IV,  401-429;  V,  132-151;  VI,  35-38,  87-95,  342-355; 
VII,  102-135,  191-197,  203-207. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  ch.  14. 

K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  the  United  States,  201- 
211,  233-243  (1907). 

C.  Day,  History  of  Commerce,  501-510. 

The   three   works    above   furnish  serviceable  brief 
views. 

G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
ch.  8. 

W.  F.  Gephart,  Transportation  and  Industrial  Develop- 
ment in  the  Middle  West. 

E.  C.  Nelson,  "  Presidential  Influence  on  the  Policy  of  In- 
ternal Improvement/'  in  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and 
Politics,  IV,  3-69. 

H.  G.  Wheeler,  History  of  Congress,  II,  109-513. 

J.  L.  Ringwalt,  Development  of  Transportation  Systems 
in  the  United  States. 

Tenth  Census,  1880,  IV  (Transportation). 

H.  V.  Poor,  Manual  of  Railroads,  1881,  introduction. 

General  Contemporaneous  Views 

G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
387-401  (Gallatin's  report,  1808;  Calhoun's report,  1819; 
Madison's,  Monroe's,  and  Jackson's  veto  messages) . 

R.  Mills,  Treatise  on  Inland  Navigation.     Baltimore,  1820. 


80 

[G.  Armroyd],  Connected  View  of  the  Whole  Internal  Navi- 
gation of  the  United  States.  Philadelphia,  1826,  1830. 

D.  Hewett,  American  Traveller,  1825. 

G.  T.  Poussin,  Travaux  d'ameliorations  interieurs  des 
Etats-Unis  de  1824  a  1831.  Paris,  1834. 

G.  T.  Poussin,  Chemins  de  fer  americains.     Paris,  1836. 

V.  Chevalier,  Histoire  et  description  des  voies  de  communi- 
cation aux  Etats-Unis.  Paris,  1840-1843. 

M.  Chevalier,  Society,  Manners,  and  Politics  in  the  United 
States,  227.  Boston,  1839. 

S.  A.  Mitchell,  Compendium  of  the  Internal  Improvements 
of  the  United  States.  Philadelphia,  1835. 

H.  S.  Tanner,  Description  of  the  Canals  and  Railroads  of  the 
United  States.  New  York,  1840. 

Emigrants  and  Travellers'  Guide  through  the  Valley  of  the 
Mississippi.  Philadelphia,  1834. 

D.  Stevenson,  Sketch  of  the  Civil  Engineering  of  North 
America. 

Annals  of  Congress,  11  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  1385-1401  (Speech  of 
P.  B.  Porter  in  H.  R.,  Feb.  8,  1810);  14  Cong.,  2  Sess., 
851-858  (Calhoun,  Feb.  4,  1817,  on  Bonus  Bill);  18 
Cong.,  1  Sess.,  I,  1296-1317  (Randolph  and  Clay  on  the 
General  Survey  Bill,  Jan.  30,  1824). 

Public  Documents 

Laws  of  the  United  States  relating  to  Improvement  of 
Rivers  and  Harbors  from  1790  to  1887.  Senate  Misc. 
Doc.  No.  91,  49  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  II,  Serial  No.  2451. 

Statement  showing  Land  Grants  made  by  Congress  to  aid 
in  the  Construction  of  Railroads,  Wagon  Roads,  Canals, 
and  Internal  Improvements.  Washington,  1908. 

Turnpikes 

A.  B.  Hulbert,  The  Cumberland  Road;  and  Pioneer  Roads 
and  Experiences  of  Travellers. 


81 

T.  B.  Searight,  Old  Pike. 

J.  S.  Young,  Political  and  Constitutional  History  of  the 
Cumberland  Road. 

Navigation  of  the  Western  Waters 

A.  B.   Hulbert,  Waterways  of  Westward  Expansion:  the 

Ohio  River;  and  The  Ohio  River:  A  Course  of  Empire. 
W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  ch.  4. 
A.  C.  Boggess,  Settlement  of  Illinois  (1778-1830),  153-164. 

F.  H.  Dixon,  Traffic  History  of  the  Mississippi  River  Sys- 
tem, National  Waterways   Commission,  Doc.  No.   11. 
Washington,  1909. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  III, 

487;  IV,  401. 

J.  Hall,  Commerce  of  the  Western  Waters. 
H.   M.  Chittenden,   Early  Steamboat  Navigation  on  the 

Missouri. 

Canals 

A.  B.  Hulbert,  The  Great  American  Canals. 

A.  B.  Hepburn,  Artificial  Waterways  and  Commercial  De- 
velopment. 

N.  A.  Whitford,  History  of  the  Canal  System  of  the  State 
of  New  York. 

H.  W.  Hill,  "  Historical  Review  of  Waterways  and  Canals 
in  New  York  State/'  in  Publications  of  Buffalo  Historical 
Society,  XII. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  "  The  Erie  Canal  and  the  Settlement  of  the 
West,"  in  Publications  of  the  Buffalo  Historical  Society, 
XII. 

G.  W.  Ward,  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  Project. 

T.  B.  Klein,  Canals  of  Pennsylvania,  Annual  Report  of 
Secretary  of  Internal  Affairs  of  Pennsylvania  for  1900. 

A.  L.  Bishop,  "  The  State  Works  of  Pennsylvania, "  in  Con- 
necticut Academy  of  Arts  and  Science,  1907, 


82 

T.  K.  Worthington,  "  Historical  Sketch  of  the  Finances  of 
Pennsylvania,"  in  American  Economic  Association  Pub- 
lications, II,  126. 

C.  P.  McClelland  and  C.  C.  Huntington,  Ohio  Canals. 

B.  W.  Dial,  "  The  Ohio  Canals,"  in  Ohio  Archaeological  and 
Historical  Society  Publications,  XIII,  479. 

A.  H.  Hirsch,  "  Construction  of  the  Miami  and  Erie  Canal," 
in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings, 
X,  349. 

E.  J.  Benton,  The  Wabash  Trade  Route,  or  the  Develop- 
ment of  the  Old  Northwest. 
L.  Esarey,  "Internal  Improvements  in  Early  Indiana,"  in 

Indiana  Historical  Society  Publications,  V,  No.  2. 
M.  Duden,  "  Internal  Improvements  in  Indiana,  1816-1846," 

in  Indiana  Quarterly  Magazine  of  History,  Dec.,  1909. 
J.   W.   Putnam,    "  Economic   History  of  the   Illinois   and 

Michigan  Canal,"  in  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  XVII, 

272,  337,  413. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  VI, 

347-351. 
H.  E.  Keith,  "  Historical  Sketch  of  Internal  Improvements 

in  Michigan,   1836-1846,"  in  Publications  of  Michigan 

Political  Science  Association,  IV. 
W.  E.  Martin,  Internal  Improvements  in  Alabama. 

Railroads 

*L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railroads  to  1850. 
Tenth  Census,  1880,  IV  (Transportation). 
Cleveland  and  Powell,  Railroad  Promotion  and  Capitaliza- 
tion in  the  United  States. 
E.  R.  Johnson,  American  Railway  Transportation,  18-24. 

C.  F.  Carter,  When  Railroads  Were  New. 

B.  H.  Meyer,  Railway  Legislation,  53-79;  and  "  History  of 
Early  Railroad  Legislation  in  Wisconsin,"  in  Wisconsin 
Historical  Collections,  XIV,  206, 


83 

Moody's  Magazine,  VI,  73  (N.  Y.  Central),  229  (B.  and  O.). 
C.  F.  Adams,  "  Canal  and  Railroad  Enterprise  of  Boston," 

in  Winsor's  Memorial  History  of  Boston,  IV,  111-150. 
G.  Bliss,  Historical  Memoir  of  the  Western  Railroad. 
Railroad  Jubilee:    An  Account  of  the  Celebration  of  the 

Opening  of  Railroad   Communication  between  Boston 

and  Canada. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  "The  Railroads  of  the  Old  Northwest  before  the 

Civil  War,"  in  Wisconsin  Academy  of  Science,  Arts,  and 

Letters,  XVII,  part  i,  243-274  (maps  by  years,  1848-59). 
R.  S.  Cotterill,  " Southern  Railroads  and  Western  Trade, 

1840-50,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  III, 

427. 
St.  G.  L.  Sioussat,  "Memphis  as  a  Gateway  to  the  West,"  in 

Tennessee  Historical  Magazine,  III,  1-27,  77-114. 
W.  M.  Meigs,  Life  of  Calhoun,  II,  353-374. 
T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert  Y.  Hayne,  383-533. 
Calhoun  Correspondence,  American   Historical  Association 

Report  (1899),  II,  347,  349-353,  411. 
U.  B.  Phillips,  Transportation  in  the  Eastern  Cotton  Belt, 

chs.  3-7;  and  "An  American  State-Owned  Railroad:  the 

Western  and  Atlantic,"  in  Yale  Review,  XV,  259. 

Great  Lakes 

G.  G.  Tunell,  "  Transportation   on  the  Great   Lakes,"  in 
Journal  of  Political  Economy,  IV,  332. 

J.  O.  Curwood,  The  Great  Lakes. 

J.  C.  Mills,  Our  Inland  Seas. 

W.  Thayer,  Transportation  on  the  Great  Lakes. 

The  periodicals  cited  under  Internal  Commerce  con- 
tain exceedingly  important  material  on  transportation 
and  internal  improvements.  Hunt's  Merchants'  Maga- 
zine is  particularly  useful. 


84 

XXII.   THE  TAKIFF  AND  THE  WEST,  1816-1850 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  194,  199,  201,  206. 

*D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  United  States,    161- 

164,  172-196,  237-239,  249-252. 
*E.  Stanwood,  American  Tariff  Controversies,  I,   136-157, 

166-289,  349-409;  II,  14-81. 

*F.  J.  Taussig,  Tariff  History  of  the  United  States. 
K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  ch.  14. 

F.  J.  Turner,   Rise  of  the  New  West,   143-147,  236-244, 
314-332. 

W.  A.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  153-154,  163- 
165. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  179-184. 

These   three   references   to   the   American   Nation, 

XIII-XV  and  XVII,  together  give  a  satisfactory  general 

view. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  IV, 

319-340;  V,  229-256;  VI,  134-138,  167-169;  VII,  58-66. 
G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History  of  United  States,  487- 

490,  498-503,  552-563. 
T.  C.  Smith,  General  Index  to  American  Statesmen  Series, 

XXXII,  361-362. 

Western  Manufactures 

I.  Lippincott,  Manufactures  in  the  Ohio  Valley. 

V.  S.  Clark,  History  of  Manufactures  in  the  United  States. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels,  XXXII,  51- 

52  (index,  " Manufactures"). 
F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  342-344  (bibliography 

of  gazetteers  and  travellers). 
American  State  Papers,  Finance,  V,  783. 
J.  L.  Bishop,  History  of  American  Manufactures  (1868). 


85 

W.  F.  Gephart,  Transportation  and  Industrial  Development 

in  the  Middle  West,  ch.  6. 
Goodwin,  "Rise  of  Manufactures  in  the  Miami  Country/' 

in  American  Historical  Review,  XII,  761. 
See  also  city  histories,  and  references  under  Section  XX. 

Western  Agricultural  Products  and  the  Tariff 

Annals  of  Congress,  16  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  II,  2034-2041  (Clay, 
April  26,  1820);  18  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  II,  1964-1980,  1997- 
1998  (Clay,  March  30-31,  1824);  2370  (Randolph); 
2408-2412,  2423-2424  (McDuffie);  Congressional  De- 
bates, IV,  part  II,  2098,  2105-2109  (Buchanan,  April  2, 
1828,  on  relation  of  tariff  on  molasses  and  Western  grain 
interests) . 

C.  W.  Wright,  Wool  Growing  and  the  Tariff. 
M.  B.  Hammond,  Cotton  Industry. 

Western  Politics  and  the   Tariff 

Tariff  Compilation,  1884:  The  Existing  Tariff  on  Imports, 
etc.,  48  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Senate  Rep.,  No.  12,  295  (tables 
of  votes). 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  145-146  (1820),  242 
(1824),  318-321;  and  Sections  and  Nation.  (In  prepara- 
tion.) 

R.  G.  Wellington,  "  Tariff  and  Public  Lands,"  in  American 
Historical  Association  Report,  1911,  177. 

J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  III,  49  (1828). 

D.  F.  Houston,  Nullification  in  South  Carolina,  34  (1828). 
Congressional  Debates,  24  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  XIII,  part  I,  926- 

927  (referring  to  1828). 
C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay. 

NOTE.  —  Debates  on  distribution  of  surplus  from  land 
sales,  preemption,  relinquishment  of  land  to  states,  etc., 
illustrate  the  connection  of  internal  improvements,  land, 
and  tariff,  and  the  balance  of  power  of  the  West.  See, 
for  example,  the  debates  in  1841  and  1842. 


86 


XXIII.     WESTERN  ASPECTS  OF  CURRENCY  AND  BANKING, 

1811-1850 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  194,  205,  207,  208,  213,  214. 

C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay,  chs.  13,  15,  19. 
W.  M.  Meigs,  Benton,  chs.  12-14. 

W.  H.  Sumner,  Jackson,  chs.  6,  11,  14. 

J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson,  chs.  28-29. 

*J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  III,  379-390;  IV,  235-239,  286-318,  484-510;  V, 
161-165,  413;  VI,  1-10,  131-141,  146,  183-219,  308-310, 
321-324,  337-340,  356-358,  378,  389-419,  530-547,  624- 
630;  VII,  1-33,  42-49;  VIII,  109-114. 

K.  C.  Babcock,  Rise  of  American  Nationality,  ch.  13. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  ch.  9  and  p.  300. 

W.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian   Democracy,  chs.    7,  13,   and 

pp.  285-291. 
A.  B.  Hart,  Slavery  and  Abolition,  ch.  20. 

Together  these  volumes  of  the  American  Nation,  XIII- 

XVI,  in  the  chapters  cited,  give  a  general  view. 

D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States,  chs.  7, 
9,  10;  and  State  Banking  before  the  Civil  War. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  219- 
222. 

K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  the  United  States,  193-200 

(1907). 
T.  W.  Van  Metre,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 

304-320. 
I.  Lippincott,  Economic  Development  of  the  United  States, 

217-225. 

G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
ch.  11. 

M.  S.  Wildman,  Money  Inflation,  67-82. 


87 

T.  C.  Smith,  General  Index  to  American  Statesmen  Series, 

XXXII,  267-268. 
A.  T.  Huntington  and  Mawhinney,  Laws  of  United  States 

concerning    Money,    Banking,    and    Loans,    1778-1909 

(National  Monetary  Commission). 

The   National  Bank  and  the  West 

*R.  C.  Catterall,  The  Second  Bank  of  the  United  States, 
33-35,  51-57,  61-67,  83-84,  89-91,  95-99,  101,  114-117, 
130-131,  137-163,  167-169,  175, 182-185,  194,  235,  239- 
240,  289,  296,  316-317,  329-331,  347-348,  363-364. 

Holdsworth  and  Dewey,  The  First  and  Second  Banks  of  the 
United  States  (National  Monetary  Commission). 

T.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View. 

Western  State  Banking 

*J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of   the  People  of   the  United 

States,  as  cited  above. 

W.  G.  Sumner,  History  of  Banking  in  all  Nations,  I. 
J.  J.  Knox,  History  of  Banking  in  the  United  States. 
W.  M.  Gouge,  Short  History  of  Paper  Money  and  Banking. 
H.  White,  Money  and  Banking,  chs.  13-14. 
C.  A.  Conant,  History  of  Modern  Banks  of  Issue. 
R.  T.  Durrett,  Centenary  of  Louisville  [Kentucky]. 
J.  Phelan,  Tennessee,  ch.  26. 
H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents  on  Federal  Relations,  No.  3, 

p.  5  (Ohio). 
E.  L.  Bogart,  "  Financial  History  of  Ohio/7  in  University  of 

Illinois  Studies  in  Social  Science,  I. 
W.  F.  Harding,  "  State  Bank  of  Indiana,  1834-1859,"  in 

Journal  of  Political  Economy,  December,  1905. 
L.  Esarey,  State  Banking  in  Indiana,  Indiana  University 

Studies,  No.  15. 
Bankers'  Magazine,  XII,  162.     Cf.  XLVII,  590  (Indiana). 


88 

H.  McCulloch,  Men  and  Measures,  56-60, 113-122  (Indiana). 
G.  W.  Dowrie,  "  Development  of  Banking  in  Illinois,"  in 

University  of  Illinois  Studies  in  Social  Sciences. 
C.  H.  Garnett,  State  Banks  of  Issue  in  Illinois. 
T.  M.  Cooley,   "  State  Banks  of  Issue  in  Michigan/ '  in 

Political  Science  Association  Publications. 

A.  Felch,  Early  Banks  and  Banking  in  Michigan  (reprinted 
in  53  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Senate  Ex.  Doc.  No.  38). 

W.  W.  Wight,  "Early  Legislation  concerning  Wisconsin 
Banks,"  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Proceedings, 
XLIII,  145. 

F.  D.  Merritt,  Early  History  of  Banking  in  Iowa. 

C.  H.  B  rough,  History  of  Banking  in  Mississippi. 

C.  H.  McClure,  "Early  Opposition  to  Thomas  Hart  Benton," 

in  Missouri  Historical  Review,  X,  151-196. 

Distribution  of  Surplus,  Crisis  of  1887,  Independent  Treasury, 
Western  Depression,  Repudiation 

E.  G.  Bourne,  Distribution  of  the  Surplus  Revenue. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 
VI-VII,  as  above. 

D.  Kinley,  Independent  Treasury. 

W.  A.  Scott,  Repudiation  of  State  Debts. 
H.  C.  Adams,  Public  Debts,  301,  317-341. 

B.  R.  Curtis,  "  The  Debts  of  the  States,"  in  North  American 
Review,  LVIII,  111. 

H.  Secrist,  "  Constitutional  Restrictions  on  Public  Indebted- 
ness," in  Bulletins  of  University  of  Wisconsin,  No.  637, 
chs.  1  and  2. 


89 


XXIV.  JACKSON  DEMOCRATS,  CLAY  WHIGS,  AND 
HARRISON  WHIGS 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  204-208. 

H.  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life,  ch.  3. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  205-216,  252- 
256,  320,  325-327;  and  Sections  and  Nation.  (In  prepara- 
tion.) 

J.  S.  Bassett,  Andrew  Jackson. 

C.  Schurz,  Henry  Clay. 

W.  M.  Meigs,  Thomas  H.  Benton. 

E.  I.  MacCormac,  James  K.  Polk. 

U.  B.  Phillips,  "The  Southern  Whigs/'  in  Turner  Essays  in 
American  History,  203-229. 

A.  C.  Cole,  Whig  Party  in  the  South. 

A.  D.  Morse,  "Political  Influence  of  Andrew  Jackson/'  in 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  June,  1886,  I. 

J.  Fiske,  Essays,  Historical  and  Literary,  I,  chs.  7  and  8. 

W.  Wilson,  History  of  the  American  People,  IV,  3-9,  21,  30, 
64,  88-91,  98-100;  and  Division  and  Reunion,  111-115. 

W.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  294-296,  306-315. 

E.  L.  Godkin,  Problems  of  Modern  Democracy,  ch.  1. 
A.  de  Tocqueville,  Democracy  in  America. 

F.  J.  Grund  (Ed.),  Aristocracy. 

H.  Martineau,  Society  in  America. 

T.  C.  Smith,  General  Index  to  the  American  Statesmen 

Series,  XXXII,  221-223,  374-376. 
A.  B.  Hart,  Manual,  pp.  250-251. 

The  reports  of  debates  in  the  constitutional  conventions  of 
the  various  western  states  in  this  period  show  the  influence  of 
New  York  Locofoco  ideas  and  views  on  democracy,  elective 
judiciary,  regulation,  or  abolition  of  banks  and  monopolies, 
woman's  rights,  and  general  reforms. 


90 


XXV.   DEVELOPMENT  OP  SOCIETY  IN  THE  MISSISSIPPI 
VALLEY,  1830-1850 

General  Reading 

See  XV  and  XVI  above. 

Guide,  §§  200,  202. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  136-142,  173- 
175,  195-201,  223-231,  346-359;  and  Sections  and 
Nation,  passim.  (In  preparation.) 

W.  E.  Dodd,  The  Cotton  Kingdom;  and  Expansion  and  Con- 
flict. 

E.  Ingle,  Southern  Sidelights. 

J.  C.  Ballagh  (Ed.),  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  V. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  VII,  102-106,  190-229. 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  chs.  7-9. 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States,  I,  chs. 
14-15  and  p.  588;  II,  477  (bibliography). 

W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  1830-1850,  chs.  1,  3,  14, 
15. 

Twelfth  Census  of  United  States,  Statistical  Atlas,  31-32, 
and  plates  6-8;  Population,  I,  xxiii,  xxv. 

S.  J.  Buck,  "  Materials  for  the  Social  History  of  the  Missis- 
sippi Valley/7  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Associa- 
tion Proceedings,  IV,  139. 

The  New  York-New  England  Element 

L.  K.  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  England,  chs.  7-9,  and 
bibliographies;  and  "Some  Activities  of  the  Congrega- 
tional Church  West  of  the  Mississippi, "  in  Turner  Essays 
in  American  History,  ch.  1. 

H.  A.  Bridgman,  New  England  in  the  Life  of  the  World,  3- 
138. 

R.  E.  Chaddock,  Ohio  before  1850. 


91 

A.  Shaw,  Local  Government  in  Illinois. 
E.  B.  Greene,  Government  of  Illinois;  and  "  Sectional  Forces 
in  the  History  of  Illinois/'  in  Transactions  of  Illinois 
Historical  Society,  1903,  75-83. 

NOTE. —  See  the  note  on  bibliography,  p.  63  above,  and 
pp.  93,  94. 

The  German  Element 

A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States  (use 
table  of  contents,  index,  and  bibliography). 

K.  A.  Everest  (Levy),  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections, 

XII,  3;  XIV,  341. 

T.  J.  McCormack  (Ed.),  Memoirs  of  Gustav  Koerner. 
C.  Schurz,  Reminiscences. 

E.  Bruncken,  "German  Political  Refugees  in  the  United 
States,"    in   Deutsch-Amerikanische    Geschichtsblatter, 
III,  33,  et  seq. 

Ochs,  Der  Deutsch-Amerikanische  Farmer. 
L.  Frank  (Ed.),  Pionierjahre  der  Familien  Frank-Kerler. 
W.  Hense-Jensen,  Wisconsin's  Deutsch-Amerikaner. 
German-American  Annals. 

F.  R.  Bartel,  "  Institutional  Influence  of  the  German  Ele- 
ment of  the  Population  in  Richmond,  Indiana, "  in  Papers 
of  the  Wayne  County,  Indiana,  Historical  Society,  I. 

See  also  the  various  immigrant  guides  of  the  period. 

The  Economic  'and  Social  Division  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley:  New  York  and  New  Orleans 

G.  S.  Callender,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States, 
319-344. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  the  United  States,  209- 
215. 

B.  H.  Meyer,  "History  of  Early  Railroad  Legislation  in  Wis- 

consin," in  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  XIV,  246- 
258  (Chicago  Convention,  1847,  and  Whitney's  Project). 


92 

0.  G.  Libby,  "Significance  of  the  Lead  and  Shot  Trade  in 
Wisconsin,"  in  Wisconsin  Historical  Collections,  XIII, 
293. 

Fergus  (Ed.),  "Chicago  River  and  Harbor  Convention, 
1847,"  in  Fergus  Historical  Series,  No.  18. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  "  Railroads  of  the  Old  Northwest  before  the 
Civil  War,"  in  Wisconsin  Academy  Transactions,  XVII, 
part  I  (maps) . 

B.  H.  Hibbard,  History  of  Agriculture  in  Dane  County,  134- 
142. 

Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine,  VIII,  447-458  (typical  of 
other  articles). 

T.  H.  Benton,  Speech  in  the  Senate,  February  2,  1830,  Reg- 
ister of  Debates,  VI,  part  i,  115. 

Calhoun  Correspondence,  American  Historical  Association 
Report,  1899,  II,  347,  349,  411,  413. 

W.  M.  Meigs,  Life  of  Calhoun,  II,  352-374. 

T.  D.  Jervey,  Robert  Hayne,  383-533. 

U.  B.  Phillips,  Transportation  in  the  Eastern  Cotton  Belt, 
chs.  3-7. 

R.  S.  Cotterill,  "Southern  Railroads  and  Western  Trade, 
1840-50,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  III, 
427. 

St.  G.  L.  Sioussat,  "Memphis  as  a  Gateway  to  the  West,"  in 
Tennessee  Historical  Magazine,  III,  1,  77. 

B.  H.  Payne,  "Contests  for  the  Trade  of  the  Mississippi  Val- 
ley," in  DeBow's  Review,  February,  1847,  III,  98. 

M.  Tarver,  "Commerce  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  in 
Western  Journal  [St.  Louis],  October,  1851,  VII,  1. 

M.  F.  Maury,  "The  Trade  of  the  Southwest,"  in  Western 
Journal,  March,  1852,  VII,  375. 

1.  D.  Andrews,  Colonial  and  Lake  Trade,  32  Cong.,  I  Sess.,  H. 

Doc.  705;  or  Sen.  Ex.  Doc.  No.  112. 

E.  Ingle,  Southern  Side  Lights,  221-224  (Memphis  Con- 
vention). 


93 

Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce  and  Finance  (new  series), 

VII,  part  II,  January,  1900,  p.  1960. 
J.  C.  Calhoun,  Speech  in  the  Senate,  March  4,  1850,  in  his 

Works,  IV,  557-558. 
W.  R.  Sweet,  The  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  the  Civil 

War,  ch.  1. 
H.  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  II, 

543-547;  VI,  308-310. 

New  England- New  York  Ideals  in  the  West 

E.  D.  Adams,  The  Power  of  Idealism  in  American  History. 
J.  R.  Commons  (Ed.),  Documentary  History  of  American 

Industrial  Society,  VII,  introduction. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United 
States,  VII,  ch.  74. 

J.  Schouler,  History  of  the  United  States,  IV,  311-315. 

J.  H.  Noyes,  History  of  American  Socialisms. 

R.  T.  Ely,  French  and  German  Socialism,  ch.  5. 

M.  Hillquit,  History  of  Socialism  in  the  United  States. 

C.  McCarthy,  "  Anti-Masonic  Party,"  in  American  His- 
torical Association  Report,  1902, 1,  526,  529,  547,  556. 

T.  C.  Smith,  Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties. 

F.  T.    Carlton,    "  Economic  Influences   upon   Educational 
Progress  in  the  United  States,  1820-1850,"  in  Bulletin  of 
University  of  Wisconsin,  No.  221  (with  bibliography). 

W.  Walker,  History  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  the 

United  States. 

A.  E.  Dunning,  Congregationalism  in  America. 
L.  K.  Mathews,  "  The  Congregational  Church  West  of  the 

Mississippi,"  in  Turner  Essays,  ch.  1,  with  citations. 
J.  B.  Clark,  Leavening  the  Nation. 
T.  Douglass,  Pilgrims  of  Iowa. 

G.  F.  Magoun,  Asa  Turner  and  his  Times. 
E.  Adams,  The  Iowa  Band  (edition  of  1902). 
J.  B.  Grinnell,  Men  and  Events  of  Forty  Years. 


94 

C.  P.  Kofoid,  "  Puritan  Influences  in  Illinois"  ["Illinois 
Band  "],  in  Illinois  Historical  Library  Publications,  X, 
261. 

R.  Babcock,  Forty  Years  of  Pioneer  Life  [John  Mason  Peck]. 

J.  A.  Smith,  History  of  Baptists  in  Western  States. 

S.  R.  Beggs,  Pages  from  the  Early  History  of  the  West  and 
Northwest. 

B.  Wendell,  Literary  History  of  America,  233  et  seq. 
H.  Greeley,  Recollections;  and  Hints  towards  Reform. 

R.  W.  Emerson,  Essays  (second  series):  "  New  England 
Reformers";  Miscellanies:  "The  American  Scholar," 
"  Man  the  Reformer,"  "  Lecture  on  the  Times,"  "  The 
Young  American." 

Lyman  Beecher,  Plea  for  the  West. 

C.  B.  Goodykoontz,  The  Home  Missionary  Movement  and 
the  West,  1798-1861  (in  preparation). 

Home  Missionary. 

Annual  Reports  of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society. 
Baptist  Home  Missions  in  North  America. 
Baptist  Missionary  Magazine,  and  Quarterly  Register  and 
Journal  of  American  Educational  Society. 

NOTE.  —  Bibliographies  of  education  showing  material 
on  New  England  influence  on  western  schools  and  colleges 
are:  Monroe,  Bibliography  of  Education;  U.  S.  Bureau 
of  Education,  annual  since  1907,  with  references  to  prior 
bibliographies  on  page  7  of  the  issue  of  1907;  L.  B.  Snow, 
The  College  Curriculum,  184  (bibliography).  The 
American  Church  History  Series  gives  bibliographies 
for  the  various  sects. 

W.  H.  Allison,  Inventory  of  Unpublished  Material  for 
American  Religious  History  (Carnegie  Institution,  Pub. 
137). 


95 

XXVI.   GEOGRAPHIC  PROVINCES  WEST  OF  THE  MISSISSIPPI 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  31,  32,  97,  215;  consult  also  references  above  under 

II. 
A.  K.  Lobeck,  Physiographic  Diagram  of  the  United  States 

(small  scale  edition). 
J.  W.  Powell,  Physiographic  Regions,  85-100. 

E.  Huntington,  Red  Man's  Continent,  68-117. 
I.  Bowman,  Forest  Physiography,  chs.  9-24. 
A.  P.  Brigham,  Geographic  Influence,  chs.  8-9. 
H.  R.  Mill,  International  Geography,  750-771. 

H.  C.  Dale,  The  Ashley-Smith  Explorations,  map  (frontis- 
piece) and  18-20. 

N.  M.  Fenneman,  "  Physiographic  Divisions  of  the  United 
States/'  in  Annals  of  the  Association  of  American  Geog- 
raphers, VI,  67. 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  725-840. 

The  files  of  World's  Work,  National  Geographic 
Magazine,  Collier's,  Sunset  Magazine,  etc.,  contain  useful 
illustrations  and  descriptions. 

The  Prairies  and  the  Great  Plains 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  751-758. 

F.  Parkman,  The  Oregon  Trail. 

W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of  Arid  America,  19-41. 

F.  H.  Newell,  Irrigation  in  the  United  States,  ch.  2. 

W.  D.  Johnson,  "  The  High  Plains/'  in  Report  of  United 

States  Geological  Survey,  XXI,  pt.  4. 
J.  Gregg,  Commerce  of  the  Prairies,  II,  ch.  10  (Thwaites, 

Early  Western  Travels,  XX,  237-259). 
T.  J.  Farnham,   Travels,    101    (Thwaites,    Early   Western 

Travels,  XXVIII,  ch.  3,  108). 


96 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips  of  a  Ranchman  (illustrated 
edition,  1891),  chs.  1  and  6;  and  Ranch  Life  (illustrated 
edition,  1899),  ch.  1. 

R.  Parrish,  The  Great  Plains  (popular). 

Rocky  Mountains 
H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  725-840. 

The  Columbia  Plateaus  ("  Inland  Empire  ") 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  783-789. 
J.  Le  Conte,  "  Great  Lava  Flood  of  the  West,"  in  American 
Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  1874,  VII. 

Colorado  Plateaus 

F.  S.  Dellenbaugh,  Romance  of  the  Colorado  River. 

G.  W.  James,  Grand  Canyon. 

Grand  Canyon  of  Arizona,  published  by  Santa  Fe  R.R. 
T.  M.  Prudden,  On  the  Great  American  Plateau. 

Interior  Basin:  The  Desert 

E.  Huntington,  The  Climatic  Factor  as  Illustrated  in  Arid 
America. 

J.  C.  Van  Dyke,  The  Desert. 

W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of  Arid  America. 

F.  H.  Newell,  Irrigation  in  the  United  States. 

I.  C.  Russell,  Present  and  Extinct  Lakes  of  Nevada. 
J.  S.  Chase,  California  Desert  Trails. 

G.  W.  James,  Wonders  of  the  Colorado  Desert. 
I.  M.  Strobridge,  In  Miners'  Mirage  Land. 

J.  A.  Munk,  Arizona  Sketches. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  "Pattie's  Narrative,"  in  Early  Western 

Travels,  XVIII. 
M.  Austin,  Land  of  Little  Rain. 
R.  T.  Hill,  "  Wonders  of  the  American  Desert,"  in  World's 

Work,  III,  1818. 


97 

E.  L.  Hewett  and  others,  Physiography  of  the  Rio  Grande 
Valley,  New  Mexico,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
Bulletin  54. 

Pacific  Coast 

H.  M.  Stephens  (Ed.),  The  Pacific  Ocean  in  History. 

I.  B.  Richman,  California  under  Spain  and  Mexico,  8-11. 

D.  S.  Jordan,  California  and  the  Californians. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  California;  and  History  of  the 
Northwest  Coast. 

The  indexes  open  material  on  physical  conditions. 

Western  Trails 

L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  35-38. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  114  (map). 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  18  (map). 
W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  210-211. 

I.  B.  Richman,  California,  folder  maps  and  276,  479. 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographical  Con- 
ditions, chs.  10-11,  and  p.  180  (map). 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  III  (map). 
G.  R.  Hebard,  The  Pathbreakers,  ch.  3. 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  Northwest  Coast,  I,  ch.  20,  and  p.  629 
(map). 

F.  G.  Young,   "  The  Oregon  Trail,"  in  Quarterly  of  the 
Oregon  Historical  Society,  I,  339-370. 

O.  D.  Wheeler,  The  Trail  of  Lewis  and  Clark. 

Beaver  and  Buffalo 

*L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  ch.  4. 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  809. 

E.  A.  Mills,  In  Beaver  World. 

W.  D.  Hulbert,  "Story  of  the  Beaver,"  in  McClure's  Maga- 
zine, XVI,  483^96. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Hunting  Trips  of  a  Ranchman,  part  II,  chs. 
1-2;  and  Wilderness  Hunter,  part  II,  ch.  1. 


98 

Hornaday,  in  Annual  Report  of  Smithsonian  Institution 
for  1887,  part  II,  367  (buffalo). 

T.  J.  Farnham,  Travels,  82  (in  Thwaites,  Early  Western 
Travels,  XXVIII,  96;  Gregg,  in  same,  XX). 

H.  A.  Trexler,  "  Buffalo  Range  of  the  Northwest/'  in  Mis- 
sissippi Valley  Historical  Review,  VII,  348. 

H.  Inman,  Santa  Fe  Trail,  ch.  12. 

XXVII.   WESTERN  INDIANS 

See  references  under  III. 
L.  Farrand,  Basis  of  American  History,  II,  chs.  8,  9,  12,  and 

pp.  279-28^  (bibliography). 
Clark  Wissler,  The  American  Indian. 
W.  H.  Miner,  The  American  Indians. 
H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  841. 
F.  W.  Hodge  (Ed.),  Handbook  of  American  Indians,  Bureau 

of  Ethnology,  Bulletin  30. 
F.  Parkman,  The  Oregon  Trail. 

E.  S.  Curtis,  The  American  Indian  (portraits). 
J.  P.  Dunn,  Massacres  of  the  Mountains. 

R.  I.  Dodge,  Our  Wild  Indians. 

Frontier  Indians,  Removals,  etc. 

*K.  C.  Colgrove,  "  Pioneers  and  Indians/'  in  Iowa  Jour- 
nal, IX,  196. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  2. 
W.  MacDonald,  Jacksonian  Democracy,  ch.  10. 

United  States  Statutes  at  Large,  IV,  729  (Trade  and  Inter- 
course Act  of  1845;  also  in  Kappler,  Indian  Affairs). 

A.  H.  Abel,  "  Indian  Consolidation/'  in  American  Historical 
Association  Report,  1906,  I,  235  et  seq.;  especially  ch.  8 
and  pp.  413^38  (bibliography),  and  " Proposals  for  an 
Indian  State,"  in  American  Historical  Association  Re- 
port, 1907,  I,  89. 


99 

E.   E.   Sparks,  National  Development,  266  (map). 

G.  Catlin,  North  American  Indians,  II  (maps). 

R.  G.  Thwaites   (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels.  XX,  299; 

XXVIII,  117. 
H.  M.  Chittenden,  Father  De  Smet  (map). 


XXVIII.   EXPLORATION  OF  THE  FAR  WEST 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  215. 
*K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  I,  1-27, 

193-288. 
*Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  41-      X 

47,  68-71,  282-288. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  Rocky  Mountain  Exploration. 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Con- 
ditions, 178-225. 

J.  Schafer,  History  of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  1-123. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  ch.  8. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  157-163. 

H.  R.  Wagner,  The  Plains  and  the  Rockies,  a  Bibliography    V 
of  Original  Narrative  of  Travel  and  Adventure,  1800- 
1865. 

Maritime  Exploration 

I.  B.  Richman,  California,  chs.  1  and  2. 

A.  Laut,  Vikings  of  the  Pacific;  and  Conquest  of  the  Great 
Northwest. 

J.  Schafer,  History  of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  chs.  1-4;  and 
"  Acquisition  of  Oregon  Territory,  part  I,  Discovery  and 
Exploration,"  in  University  of  Oregon  Bulletin,  new 
series,  VI. 

J.  Boit,  "New  Log  of  the  Columbia,"  in  Washington  His- 
torical Quarterly,  XII,  3. 

F.  W.  Howay,  "Barrel!  Letters,"  in  ibid.,  243. 


100 

E.  S.  Meany,  Vancouver's  Discovery  of  Puget  Sound. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  California,  I,  ch.  3;   History  of 

Northwest  Coast,  I,  chs.  5-11. 
T.  H.  Hittell,  California,  I. 

F.  A.  Colder,  Russian  Expansion  on  the  Pacific. 

French  and  Spanish  Exploration 

^JC     H.  E.  Bolton,  Spanish  Borderlands,  chs.  2,  4;  and  Athanase 
de  Mezieres  and  the  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier,    1768- 
1780. 
^    C.  E.  Chapman,  Founding  of  Spanish  California,  ch.  1. 

F.  Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict,  chs.  15,  16. 

I.  J.  Cox,  "  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier/7  in  Quarterly  of  the 
Texas  Historical  Association,  X,  1-75;  and  South- 
western Historical  Quarterly,  XVII,  1,  140. 

R.  C.  Clark,  "  Beginnings  of  Texas  "  (St.  Denis),  in  Bulle- 
tin of  University  of  Texas,  No.  98;  cf.  Quarterly  of 
the  Texas  Historical  Association,  VI,  1-26. 

F.  J.  Teggart,  "  Notes  Supplementary  to  any  Edition  of 
Lewis  and  Clark/7  in  American  Historical  Association 
Report,  1908,  I,  183-195. 

J.  A.  Robertson  (Ed.),  Louisiana  under  Spain,  France  and 
the  United  States,  1785-1807. 

J.  B.  Truteau's  Journal  [1795]  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  Part  I 
in  American  Historical  Review,  XIX,  299;  Part  II  in 
Missouri  Historical  Society  Collections,  IV,  21. 

L.  Houck  (Ed.),  Spanish  Regime  in  Missouri. 

Canadian  Exploration 

*P.  L.  Haworth,  Trailmakers  of  the  Northwest,  chs.  5,  7. 

G.  C.  Davidson,  The  Northwest  Company. 
A.  Mackenzie,  Travels. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Northwest  Coast,  I,  ch.  22;  II,  chs.  4-5. 
.    H.  Wilson,  The  Great  Company. 


101 

G.  Bryce,  Remarkable  History  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Com- 
pany. 

L.  R.  Masson,  Bourgeois  de  la  compagnie  du  Nordouest. 

A.  Shortt  and  A.  G.  Doughty  (Eds.),  Canada  and  its  Prov- 
inces. 

American  Exploration 

*C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,  ch.  2. 

I.  J.  Cox,  "  Early  Explorations  of  Louisiana/ '  in  Univer- 
sity of  Cincinnati  Studies,  2d  Series,  II,  No.  1. 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  I. 

R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Journals  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  I  (in- 
troduction); and  Early  Western  Travels,  VI-VII. 

N.  Biddle  (Ed.),  Lewis  and  Clark, 

M.  M.  Quaife  (Ed.),  Journals*  of  Lewis  and  Ordway,  Wis- 
consin Historical  Society  Collections,  XXII;  and  "New 
Found  Records  of  Lewis  and  Clark/ '  in  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Review,  II,  106. 

A.  H.  Abel,  "A  New  Lewis  and  Clark  Map/7  in  Geographical 
Review,  I,  329. 

W.  Irving,  Astoria;  Captain  Bonne ville. 

E.  Coues  (Ed.),  New  Light  on  the  History  of  the  Greater 
Northwest;  and  Expeditions  of  Zebulon  Montgomery 
Pike. 

American  Historical  Review,  XIII,  798  (Pike). 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Con- 
ditions, ch.  10. 

W.  Dunbar,  "  Journal  of  a  Voyage "  [Red,  Black,  and 
Washita  Rivers,  1804],  in  Documents  relating  to  the 
Purchase  and  Exploration  of  Louisiana. 

F.  S,  Dellenbaugh,  Breaking  the  Wilderness  (Southwest), 


102 

XXIX.  TRANS-MISSISSIPPI  TRADE,  1812-1850 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  216. 
*K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  I,  289- 

375;  II,  75-93. 
~A     *C.  Goodwin,  Trans -Mississippi  West,  ch.  4. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Rise  of  the  New  West,  ch.  8. 

E.  C.  Semple,  American  History  and  its  Geographic  Con- 
ditions, chs.  9-11. 

Harvey,  "  Fur  Traders  as  Empire  Builders,"  in  Atlantic, 
CHI,  297-523  (popular). 

A.  Laut,  Lords  of  the  North;   and  Heralds  of  Empire;   and 
Story  of  the  Trapper;  and  Conquest  of  the  Northwest. 

See  also  references  under  Canadian  and  American 
Exploration  above. 

The  Fur  Trade 

See  references  under  XXXIII. 
*H.  M.  Chittenden,  The  American  Fur  Trade  of  the  Far 

West. 
I.  Lippincott,  A  Century  and  a  Half  of  Fur  Trade  at  St. 

Louis. 
H.  C.  Dale,  Ashley-Smith  Explorations;    and  " Journal  of 

Sublette,  1842,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review, 

VI,  99. 
J.  C.  Luttig,  Journal  of  a  Fur  Trading  Expedition  on  the 

Upper  Missouri,  1812-1813. 

W.  F.  Wagner  (Ed.),  Adventures  of  Zenas  Leonard.  . 
C.  Larpenteur,  Forty  Years  a  Fur  Trader  on  the  Upper 

Missouri. 

G.  M.  Dodge,  Biographical  Sketch  of  James  Bridger. 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  Northwest  Coast,  I  (table  of  contents). 


103 


The  Santa  Fe  Trade 

Harvey,  "  The  Story  of  the  Santa  Fe  Trail/'  in  Atlantic, 

CIV,  774-785. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  4. 
H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  484. 
*J.  Gregg,  Commerce  of  the  Prairies. 
F.  F.  Stephens,   "  Missouri  and  the  Santa  Fe  Trade,"  in 

Missouri  Historical  Review,  X,  233;   and  XI,  289;    and 

"Wetmores  Diary  of  a  Journey  to  Santa  Fe,  1828,"  in 

ibid.,  VIII,  177. 
C.  H.  McClure,  "Early  Opposition  to  Benton,"  in  ibid.,  X, 

185-187. 
"Journals  of  Captain  Thomas  Becknell,"  in  ibid.,  IV,  65. 

F.  A.  Sampson,  "M.  M.  Marmaduke  Journal,"  in  ibid.,  VI,  1. 
A.  J.  Morrison,  "Commerce  of  the  Prairies  and  Dr.  Gregg," 

in  Texas  Review,  Oct.,  1921. 
W.  E.  Connolly,  "Dr.  Josiah  Gregg,"  in  Mississippi  Valley 

Historical  Association  Proceedings,  X,  334. 
T.  M.  Marshall,  "Commercial  Aspects  of  the  Texan  Santa 

Fe  Expedition,"  in  Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly, 

XX,  242;    and  "St.  Vrain's  Expedition  to  the  Gila,"  in 

ibid.,  XIX,  251. 

E.  Coues  (Ed.),  Journal  of  Jacob  Fowler. 
W.  R.  Manning,  Early  Diplomatic  Relations  between  United 

States  and  Mexico,  ch.  5. 
H.  Inman,  The  Old  Santa  Fe  Trail. 

G.  B.  Grinnell,  Beyond  the  Old  Frontier. 
J,  S.  Vernon,  Along  the  Old  Trail. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels  (index),  especially 
XVIII  (Pattie);  XIX-XX  (Gregg) ;  XXVIII  (Farnham). 
L.  H,  Garrard,  Wah-To-Yah  and  the  Taos  Trail 


104 


XXX.  THE  ARMY  ON  THE  FRONTIER,  1820-1850 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  216,  247. 
G.  A.  Forsyth,  Story  of  the  Soldier. 

Long's  Expedition,  1820 

*C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,  47-55;  and  "  A  Larger 

View   of   the   Yellowstone    Expedition/'    in   Mississippi 

Valley  Historical  Review,  IV,  299. 
H.  M.  Chittenden,  American  Fur  Trade,  II,  562. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,   Early   Western  Travels,   XIV-XVII  (E. 

James,  Account  of  an  Expedition,  etc.). 
V.  M.  Porter  (Ed.),  "  Journal  of  S.  W.  Kearny,"  in  Missouri 

Historical  Society  Collections,  III,  8,  99. 
Report  of  Atkinson's  Expedition,  1825,  in  19  Cong.,  1  Sess., 

House  Doc.  VI,  No.  117. 

Winnebago  (1827)  and  Black  Hawk  Wars  (1832) 

A.  J.  Turner,  "  History  of  Fort  Winnebago,"  in  Wisconsin 

Historical  Collections,  XIV,  65. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  "  Black  Hawk  War,"  in  How  George  Rogers 

Clark  won  the  Northwest;  and  Wisconsin,  ch.  9. 
F.  E.  Stevens,  Black  Hawk  War. 
L.  Pelzer,  Henry  Dodge,  chs.  4-5. 

The  Santa  Fe  Escort  and  the  Dragoons 

P.  St.  G.  Cooke,  Scenes  and  Adventures  in  the  Army,  chs. 

6-12. 
L.  Pelzer,  Marches  of  the  Dragoons;   and  " Military  Order 

Book/'  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  VI,  260. 
L.  Pelzer,  Henry  Dodge,  chs.  6-9. 
H.  Dodge,  Journal  to  the  Pawnee  Pict  Village  in  1834,  23 

Cong.,  2  Sess.,  House  Ex.  Doc,  No.  2,  pp.  70-91;  and 


105 

Journal  in  1835  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  24  Cong.,  1 
Sess.,  House  Ex.  Doc.  IV,  No.  181. 
J.  Hildreth,  Dragoon  Campaigns  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Military  Frontier  about  1840 

*K.  W.  Colgrove,  "  Pioneers  and  Indians/7  in  Iowa  Journal, 

IX,  261-271,  281-300. 
*Ruth  Gallagher,   "  Military  Indian  Frontier,   1830-1835," 

in  Iowa  Journal  of  History,  XV,  393. 
R.  B.  Marcy,  Thirty  Years  of  Army  Life. 
Mrs.  C.  0.  Van  Cleve,  Three  Score  Years  and  Ten. 

E.  Upton,  Military  Policy  of  the  United  States,  ch.  14. 
Speeches  of  Benton,  Linn,  Calhoun,  etc.,  in:    Register  of 

Debates,  24  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  XIII,  808-839;  Congressional 
Globe,  25  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  265;  Appendix,  412. 
Reports:  Register  of  Debates,  XIII,  part  IV,  Appendix  96,  24 
Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Serial  No.  294;  25  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  House 
Doc.  Nos.  59,  311;  26  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  No.  104, 
Serial  No.  377;  American  State  Papers,  Military  Affairs, 
VI,  149;  VII,  598,  780;  Reports  of  Commissioner  of 
Indian  Affairs,  1840,  1841. 

Maps  of  the  military  frontier  about  1840  are  in  27 
Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Ex.  Doc.  No.  2,  p.  80;  American  State 
Papers,  Military  Affairs,  VII,  705-780. 

Fremont's  Expeditions 

*C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,  233-245. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  73-75,  195. 
Century  Magazine,  XIX,  759-771. 

J.  C.  Fremont,  Memoirs;  and  Report  of  the  Exploring 
Expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  1842,  and  to  Ore- 
gon and  Northern  California,  1843-1844,  28  Cong.,  2 
Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  No.  174. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  California,  IV,  434-444,  581-585;  V,  1-29, 
et  passim. 


106 

I.  B.  Richman,  California,  305-307,  488. 
F.  S.  Dellenbaugh,  Fremont  and  '49. 

Miscellaneous   Expeditions 

Abert,  Journal,  29  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  VIII,  No. 
438.  Upper  Arkansas  River,  1845. 

Kern,  Journal  in  J.  H.  Simpson's  Report  of  Utah  Explora- 
tions. 

W.  H.  Emory,  Notes  of  a  Military  Reconnaissance,  30  Cong., 
I  Sess  ,  House  Doc.  41.  Reports  of  J.  W.  Abert,  P.  St.  G. 
Cooke,  and  A.  R.  Johnston  are  in  the  same  volume. 

Bibliography  and  Helps  on  Army 
A.  Hasse,  Reports  of  Explorations  Printed  in  the  Documents 

of  the  United.  States  Government.     Washington,  1899. 
United  States  War  Department,  Annual  Reports,  since  1826. 
United  States  Commissioner  of  General  Land  Office  Report, 

1900,  138  (posts). 
Judge  Advocate  General  of  United  States  Army,  United 

States  Military  Reservations.     Washington,  1907. 

F.  B.  Heitman,  Historical  Register  and  Dictionary  of  United 

States  Army,  1789-1903. 
Official  Army  Register  (annual). 
Complete  Army  and  Navy  Register,  1776-1887. 

G.  W.  Cullum,  Biographical  Register  of  Officers  and  Graduates 

of  West  Point. 

W.  Walton,  Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States. 

Journal  of  the  Military  Service  Institution  of  the  United 
States. 

Rodenbough  and  Haskin,  Army  of  the  United  States. 

A.  G.  Brackett,  History  of  the  United  States  Cavalry  to 
1863. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Actual  Government,  §§  199,  244  (bibliography). 
Various  regimental  histories,  biographies  and  remi- 
niscences of  officers,  and  state  histories  afford  additional 
material  for  studying  the  work  of  the  army  in  the  West. 


107 

XXXI.   THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  FRONTIER  ABOUT  1840 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  216. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  10-52. 
K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  II,  3-74. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 

VII,  195-207. 
K.  W.  Colgrove,  "  The  Pioneers  and  the  Indians,"  in  Iowa 

Journal,  IX,  281. 

The  Northwest 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Wisconsin,  198-304. 

J.  A.  Kinzie,  Wau-bun. 

W.  W.  Folwell,  Minnesota. 

M.  L.  Hansen,  Old  Fort  Snelling. 

W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois. 

T.  Ford,  History  of  Illinois. 

J.  Reynolds,  History  of  Illinois. 

The  Iowa  Biographical  Series:  J.  C.  Parish,  Robert  Lucas; 
J.  C.  Parish,  John  Chambers;  L.  Pelzer,  H.  Dodge; 
L.  Pelzer,  A.  C.  Dodge;  H.  Reid,  Thomas  Cox. 

B.  F.Shambaugh  (Ed.),  Messages  of  the  Governors  of  Iowa,  I. 
Travels,  gazetteers,  publications  of  the  historical 
societies  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 
Minnesota  and  the  files  of  the  Home  Missionary  illus- 
trate frontier  conditions. 

The  Southwest 

S.  B.  Harding,  Life  of  George  R.  Smith,  the  Founder  of 

Sedalia,  Missouri. 

S.  L.  Clemens,  Life  on  the  Mississippi. 
J.  Hallum,  Biographical  History  of  Arkansas. 


108 

J.  H.  Reynolds,  Makers  of  Arkansas  History. 
G.  W.  Featherstonehaugh,  Excursion. 

J.  B.  C.  Lucas  (Ed.),  Letters  of  Hon.  J.  B.  C.  Lucas,  1815- 
1836  (Missouri). 

See  also  the  Missouri  Historical  Society  Annals; 
Missouri  Historical  Society  Review;  Southwestern  His- 
torical Quarterly;  Missouri  Historical  Society  Collec- 
tions; Arkansas  Historical  Society  Publications. 

XXXII.     SETTLEMENT,  INDEPENDENCE,  AND  ANNEXATION 
OF  TEXAS 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  216,  218. 

*G.  P.  Garrison,  Texas;  and  Westward  Extension,  chs.  6-10. 
/    *C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,    101-109,    150-199, 

327-367. 

*Justin  Smith,  Annexation  of  Texas. 

N.  W.  Stephenson,  Texas  and  the  Mexican  War,  chs.  1-9. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 

V,  3-11,  540-551;  VI,  251-270,  461-463;  VII,  304^331, 

367-369,  391-407,  430-432. 
G.  Rives,  United  States  and  Mexico,  1821-1848,  chs.  5,  6,  8, 

10-16,  19-23,  26-29. 
K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  I,  95-118; 

II,  94-109. 
J.  F.  Jameson,  " Typical  Steps  of  American  Expansion,"  in 

History  Teachers  Magazine,  V,  39. 
D.  G.  Wooten  (Ed.),  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas. 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  North  Mexican  States  and  Texas. 
V    Quarterly  of  the  Texas  Historical  Association. 
\l   Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly. 


109 

Geography 

R.  T.  Hill,  "  Physical  Geography  of  the  Texas  Region/'  in 
Topographical  Atlas  of  United  States. 

Texas  Frontiers  and  Boundary 

Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  249- 
251,  292-301. 

W.  E.  Dunn,  Spanish  and  French  Rivalry  in  the  Gulf  Region, 
1678-1702. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Texas,  1-100;  and  Westward  Extension,  chs. 
6-7  (map,  p.  104). 

T.  M.  Marshall,  Western  Boundary  of  Louisiana  Purchase, 
1819-1841;  and  "  Southwestern  Boundary  of  Texas,  1821- 
1840, "  in  Quarterly  of  the  Texas  Historical  Association, 
XIV,  277. 

I.  J.  Cox,  "  Significance  of  the  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier," 
in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association,  III;  and 
"  Louisiana-Texas  Frontier/7  in  Quarterly  of  the  Texas 
Historical  Association,  X,  1;  and  in  Southwestern  His- 
torical Quarterly,  XVII,  1,  140. 

W.  R.  Manning,  "  Texas  and  the  Boundary  Issue,"  in  South- 
western Historical  Quarterly,  XVII,  217. 

H.  E.  Bolton,  Spanish  Borderlands,  ch.  VIII;   and  Texas  in     y( 
the  Middle  Eighteenth  Century;  and  " Spanish  Abandon- 
ment and  Re-occupation  of  East  Texas,  1773-1779,"  in 
Quarterly  of  the  Texas  Historical  Association,  IX,  67. 

American  Expeditions  into  Texas 

See  references  under  XII  and  XIV,  illustrating  the  pres- 
sure of  American  frontiersmen  into  Spanish- American 
territory. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Texas,  chs.  11-12. 

Quarterly   of  the  Texas  Historical  Association,   VII,   308     X 
(Nolan);  IV,  218  (Gutierrez-Magee) ;  X,  50. 


110 

E.  E.  Hale,  "  Real  Philip  Nolan/7  in  Mississippi  Historical 
Society  Publications,  IV,  281;  and  Philip  Nolan's 
Friends  (introduction). 

W.  F.  McCaleb,  Burr's  Conspiracy,  chs.  4-6. 

American  Historical  Review,  IX,  533  (Wilkinson) ;  cf .  Bulle- 
tin New  York  Public  Library,  III,  361. 

Colonization  of  Texas 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Texas,  chs.  13-14. 

D.  G.  Wooten  (Ed.),  Comprehensive  History  of  Texas,  I. 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  North  Mexican  States  and  Texas,  II,  70. 

"  Journal  of  Stephen  F.  Austin/'  in  Quarterly  of  the  Texas 
Historical  Association,  VII,  286. 

E.  C.  Barker,  " Stephen  F.  Austin/'  in  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Review,  V,  20;  and  "  Government  of  Austin's 
Colony,"  in  Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly,  XXI,  226. 

A.  Howren,   "Decree  of  April  6,   1830,"  in  Southwestern 

Historical  Quarterly,  XVI,  383. 

L.  G.  Bugbee,  "  Difficulties  of  a  Texas  Empresario,"  in  Pub- 
lications of  Southern  History  Association,  III,  95. 
Ethel  Z.  Rather,  "  DeWitt's  Colony,"  in  Quarterly  of  the 

Texas  Historical  Association,  VIII,  95,  and  Bulletin  of 

University  of  Texas,  No.  51. 
Quarterly  of  the  Texas  Historical  Association,  VI,  113,  204, 

236,  311;  VII,  29  (reminiscences  of  pioneers). 
C.    Cardelle   (Compiler),   Letters   from    an    Early  Settler 

[Dewees]. 
A.  B.  Faust,  German  Element  in  the  United  States,  I,  490- 

500. 

Revolution  and  Independence  of  Texas 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Texas,  chs.  15-18. 

J.  E.  Winston,  "Attitude  of  Newspapers  of  the  United  States 
Toward  Texan  Independence,"  in  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Association  Proceedings,  VIII,  160. 


Ill 

L.  G.  Bugbee,  "  Slavery  in  Early  Texas,"  in  Political  Science 
Quarterly,  XIII,  389,  648. 

E.  C.  Barker,  "  African  Slave  Trade  in  Texas,"  in  Quarterly 
of  the  Texas  Historical  Association,  VI,  145;  "  Organiza- 
tion of  the  Texas  Revolution,"  in  Publications  of  the 
Southern  History  Association,  V,  1;  and  "  Finances  of 
the  Texas  Revolution,"  in  Political  Science  Quarterly, 
XIX,  612. 

Quarterly  of  the  Texas  Historical  Association,  IV,  237; 
VII,  249;  IX,  227  (illustrative  of  the  military  history 
of  the  Texas  Revolution). 

A.  M.  Williams,  Sam  Houston. 

S.  B.  Elliott,  Sam  Houston. 

H.  G.  Bruce,  Life  of  General  Houston. 

Texan  Diplomacy  and  Annexation 

J.  Smith,  Annexation  of  Texas;  and  "Mexican  Recognition 
of  Texas,"  in  American  Historical  Review,  XVI,  36. 

J.  S.  Reeves,  Diplomacy  of  Tyler  and  Polk,  chs.  3-7. 

Barker,  "  President  Jackson  and  the  Texan  Revolution," 
in  American  Historical  Review,  XII,  788. 

E.  H.  West,  "Southern  Opposition  to  Texas  Annexation," 
in  Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly,  XVIII,  74. 

A.  Middleton  "Donelson's  Mission  to  Texas,"  in  South- 
western Historical  Quarterly,  XXIV,  247. 

Garrison,  "  First  Stage  of  the  Movement  for  the  Annexation 
of  Texas,"  in  American  Historical  Review,  X,  72. 

E.  D.  Adams,  British  Interests  and  Activities  in  Texas. 
See  also  American  Historical  Review,  XVI,  151,  402-406, 
683;  and  "British  Correspondence  Concerning  Texas,"  in 
Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly,  XV-XXI. 

Garrison  (Ed.),  "  Texan  Diplomatic  Correspondence,"  in 
American  Historical  Association  Report,  1907,  II;  1908, 
II;  1908,  II  (2). 


112 

J 

T.  M.  Marshall,  "  Diplomatic  Relations  of  Texas  and  United 

States,"  in  Texas  Historical  Quarterly,  XV,  267. 
Secret  Journals  of  the  Senate,  Republic  of  Texas,  Texas 

Library  and  Historical  Commission,  1st  Biennial  Report, 

1909-1910. 
A.  Jones,  Memoranda  and  Official  Correspondence  relating 

to  the  Republic  of  Texas. 


XXXIII.   THE  OCCUPATION  OF  OREGON 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  216,  217. 
*K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  II,  113- 

166. 
*J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of   the   United 

States,  V,  481;  VI,   109-113,  447-453;    VII,  286-302; 

406-420,  422-423. 

C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,  chs.  6,  9,  11. 
C.  L.  Skinner,  Adventurers  of  Oregon. 
F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  70-85. 
W.  I.  Marshall,  Acquisition  of  Oregon. 
J.  Schafer,  The  Pacific  Northwest,  124-195. 
E.  S.  Meany,  Washington. 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  Northwest  Coast;   History  of 

Oregon. 

R.  Greenhow,  Oregon  and  California. 
H.  S.  Lyman,  History  of  Oregon. 
R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  XXXII,  122  (index 

under  "  Oregon  ")• 

Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society. 
Washington  Historical  Quarterly. 
Charles  W.   Smith,   Check-List  of  Books  and  Pamphlets 

relating  to  the  History  of  the  Pacifia  Northwest  (bib- 
liography). 


113 

K.  B.  Judson,  Index  to  Pacific  Northwest  and  Alaska  as 
found  in  Government  Documents;  and  Analytical  Index 
to  Materials  for  Old  Oregon  History,  1779-1880. 

The  Fur  Traders 

See  references  under  XXIX. 
H.  V.  Holman,  Dr.  John  McLoughlin. 
K.  B.  Judson,   " McLoughlin's  Last  Letter,"  in  American 

Historical  Review,  XXI,  104. 
R.  E.  Gosnell,  Sir  James  Douglas. 
Irving,  Astoria;  Captain  Bonne ville. 
"  Floyd's  Report/'  in  Quarterly  of  Oregon  Historical  Society, 

VIII. 

E.  G.  Bourne,  "  Aspects  before  1840,"  find.,  VI,  255. 

W.  T.  Davenport,  "  Bibliography  of  Hall  J.  Kelley,"  in  Quar- 
terly of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  VIII,  375. 

R.  G.  Thwaites,  Early  Western  Travels,  XXXI,  243-245  (in- 
dex, "  Fur  Trade");  XXXII,  122-123  (index,  "Oregon"). 

F.  G.  Young  (Ed.),  "  Correspondence  and  Journals  of  Capt. 
Nathaniel  J.  Wyeth,  1831-1836,"  in  Sources  of  Oregon 
History,  I. 

*S.  E.  Morison,  Maritime  History  of  Massachusetts,  41-78, 

253-272,  314-338. 
Wyeth,  Memoir  on  Oregon,  25  Cong.,  3  Sess.,  House-Reports, 

No.  101,  Appendix  I. 

C.  Gushing,  in  North  American  Review,  1840,  75. 

The  Missionaries 

W.  I.  Marshall,  Acquisition  of  Oregon. 

E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  No.  1  (attacks 

the  "  Whitman  Legend  "). 
Richardson  and  Chittenden,  Father  De  Smet. 

D.  Lee  and  J.  H.  Frost,  Ten  Years  in  Oregon, 
G-  Hines,  Oregon. 


114 

S.  Parker,  Exploring  Tour. 

W.  H.  Gray,  Oregon;  and  "Journal,"  in  Whitman  College 
Quarterly,  XVI,  No.  2,  June,  1913. 

Bulletin  of  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  No.  30,  I,  885,  891,  908. 

C.  W.  Smith,  " Contributions  toward  a  Bibliography  of 
Marcus  Whitman,"  in  Washington  Historical  Quarterly, 
III,  1,  and  also  in  Bulletin  of  University  of  Washington. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  Farmer  and  the  Oregon  Trail 

*J.  Schafer,  Pacific  Northwest,  chs.  11-12. 

*H.  C.  Dale,  "Oregon  Migration  Companies,"  in  Oregon 

Historical  Quarterly,  XVI,  205. 

Ohio  Stateman,  April  26,  1843  (organizing  an  Oregon  migra- 
tion). 

J.  C.  Bell,  Opening  a  Highway  to  the  Pacific. 
R.  G.  Thwaites  (Ed.),  Early  Western  Travels,  index,  and 

XXVIII-XXX. 
I.  B.  Richman,  California  under  Spain  and  Mexico  (map  and 

p.  276). 

E.  Hough,  Way  to  the  West,  287. 
R.  Parrish,  Great  Plains,  ch.  5. 
*F.  G.  Young,  "  Oregon  Trail,"  in  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon 

Historical  Society,  I,  347. 
*J.  Applegate,  "  A  Day  with  the  Cow  Column,  "in  Quarterly 

of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  I,  371  (a  classic  of  the 

migration  of  1843). 
P.  H.  Burnett,  Recollections,  partly  reprinted  in  Quarterly 

of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  V,  64  el  seq.;  compare 

III,  393. 
0.  Johnson  and  W.  H.  Winter,  "  Route  across  the  Rocky 

Mountains,"  reprinted  in  part  in  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon 

Historical  Society,  VII,  62. 
John  Minto,  "  Antecedents  of  the    Oregon   Pioneers,"    in 

Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  V,  38;  cf.  II, 

119,  209, 


115 

F.  G.  Young,  "Ewing  Young  and  his  Estate/7  in  Oregon 
Historical  Quarterly,  XXI,  171. 

M.  Crawford,  Journal  (1842),  Sources  of  the  History  of 
Oregon,  I. 

The  above  are  typical  accounts  of  the  migrations. 
See  list  of  accounts  of  migrations  of  1843  in  Quarterly 
of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society,  VII,  329;  compare 

VI,  379;    and  consult  vols.   of  Washington  Historical 
Quarterly  for  others. 

J.  H.  Gilbert,  Trade  and  Currency  in  Early  Oregon. 
Census  of  1850  (nativities). 

The  Oregon  Question 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  ch.  11,  and  p.  341 
(bibliography) . 

E.  I.  McCormac,  Life  of  Polk,  ch.  21. 

J.  S.  Reeves,  American  Diplomacy  under  Tyler  and  Polk, 
chs.  8-10. 

E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  1. 

J.  Schafer,  "  Oregon  Pioneers  and  American  Diplomacy/' 
in  Turner  Essays  in  American  History,  35;  and  "  British 
Attitude  toward  the  Oregon  Question,  1815-1846,"  in 
American  Historical  Review,  XVI,  273;  see  also  XIV,  70 
(Simpson  Letters). 

J.  B.  Moore,  Digest  of  International  Law,  V,  721-722; 
International  Arbitrations,  I,  196-213. 

J.  Winsor  (Ed.),  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America, 

VII,  555-562  (bibliography). 

W.  I.  Marshall,  Acquisition  of  Oregon. 
R.  Greenhow,  Oregon  and  California. 

The  Politics  of  Western  Expansion 

R.  L.  Schuyler,  "Polk  and  the  Oregon  Compromise,"  in 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  XXVI,  443-461. 


116 

D.  W.  Howe,  "  Mississippi  Valley  in  the  Movement  for  Fifty- 
four  Forty  or  Fight/'   in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical 
Association  Proceedings,  V,  99. 

C.  E.  Persinger,  " Bargain  of  1844,"  in  American  Historical 
Association  Report,  1911,  pt.  1,  189. 

A.  Johnson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  ch.  5. 

XXXIV.   THE  MORMON  MIGRATION  TO  THE 
INTERIOR  BASIN 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  216,  246. 
*K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  II,  167- 

206,  397  (bibliography). 
*C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,  ch.  12.. 
I.  W.  Riley,  Founder  of  Mormonism. 

E.  Meyer,  Ursprung  und  Geschichte  der  Mormonen. 
R.  and  R.  W.  Kaufman,  Latter  Day  Saints. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  6. 

Harvey,  "  Story  of  the  Salt  Lake  Trail,"  in  Atlantic,  July, 

1910,  CVI,  112-122. 
W.  A.  Linn,  Story  of  the  Mormons. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States, 

VI,  102-106,  249-250,  454-458;  VII,  207-220. 
O.  F.  Whitney,  History  of  Utah  (Mormon). 

B.  H.  Roberts  (Ed.),  History  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ 
of  Latter  Day  Saints  (Brighamite  Mormon  Account). 

J.  Smith  and  H.  C.  Smith,  History  of  the  Church  of  Jesus 
Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints,  Lamoni,  Iowa,  1900  (the 
re-organized  church's  version). 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  Utah  (both  Gentile  and  Mormon  views). 

S.  M.  Smucker,  Religious,  Social,  and  Political  History  of 
the  Mormons.  New  York,  1858. 

B.  H.  Roberts,  "  Origin  of  the  Book  of  Mormon,"  in  Ameri- 
can Historical  Magazine,  III,  441, 


117 

The  Mormon  Migration  to  Mississippi  Valley 

See  also  general  reading  above. 
J.  H.  Kennedy,  Early  Days  of  Mormonism. 
P.  Tucker,  Origin  and  Progress  of  Mormonism. 

A.  Little,  From  Kirtland  to  Salt  Lake  City. 
J.  H.  Beadle,  Life  in  Utah,  ch.  1. 
D.  L.  Leonard,  "  Mormon  Sojourn  in  Ohio/7  in  Ohio  Church 

Historical  Society  Papers,  1890,  I,  43. 

A.  Jensen,  in  The  Contributor,  XII,  XV. 

C.  B.  Aitchison,  "  Mormon  Settlement  in  the  Missouri 
Valley/7  in  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society, 
VIII,  276. 

Illinois  Historical  Society  Publications,  No.  11,  p.  88  (Mor- 
mons in  Illinois);  cf.  ibid.,  No.  10,  183. 

W.  V.  Pooley,  Settlement  of  Illinois,  ch.  12. 

J.  Van  der  Zee,  "  The  Mormon  Trails  in  Iowa/7  in  Iowa  Jour- 
nal of  History,  January,  1914. 

Annals  of  Iowa,  3d  Series,  VII,  321. 

J.  S.  Morton,  History  of  Nebraska,  II,  ch.  4. 

H.  E.  Legler,  A  Moses  of  the  Mormons  (Strang  in  Michigan 
and  Wisconsin). 

Mormon  Migration  to  Great  Salt  Lake,  1847-1848 

See  general  reading  above. 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  Utah,  chs.  7-11. 

P.  St.  G.  Cooke,  Scenes  and  Adventures;  and  Notes  of  a 
Military  Reconnaissance;  and  Conquest  of  New  Mexico 
and  California. 

B.  Young,  Journal  of  Discourses,  I,  105,  144. 

Mormons  and  Irrigation 

*C.  H.  Brough,  Historical  and  Political  Studies  in  Irriga- 
tion in  Utah  (J.  H.  U.  extra  vol.  XIX). 
W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of  Arid  America,  51  ff . 


118 

Fortier,  "  Irrigated  Utah/'  in  Report  of  Utah  Irrigation 
Commission,  1894. 

C.  Dorsey,  Reclamation  in  the  Salt  Lake  Valley. 

H.  Gardner,  "  Cooperation  among  the  Mormons,"  in  Quar- 
terly Journal  of  Economics,  XXXI,  461. 

XXXV.   OCCUPATION  OF  CALIFORNIA 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §  216. 

*K.  Coman,  Economic  Beginnings  of  the  Far  West,  I,  118- 

189;  II,  207-319,  399-407  (bibliography). 
X  *C.  Goodwin,  Trans-Mississippi  West,  ch.  13. 

S.  E.  White,  The  Forty-Niners. 

-     F.  J.  Teggart,  "  The  Approaches  to  California,"  in  South- 
western Historical  Quarterly,  I,  63. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  7. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  VII, 
422-429,  585-614. 

J.  Royce,  California. 

T.  H.  Hittell,  History  of  California. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  California. 

See  Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History  Publications,  Over- 
land Monthly,  The  Calif ornian,  Sunset  Magazine,  and 
Out  West,  for  various  useful  articles  on  California  of 
this  period. 

California  under  Spain  and  Mexico 

I.  B.  Richman,  California  under  Spain  and  Mexico, 
y    H.  E.  Bolton,  Spanish  Borderlands,  chs.  7,  10;   and  " Mis- 
sions in  Spanish  American  Colonies,"  in  American  His- 
torical Review,  XXIII,  42. 

A      C.  E.  Chapman,  Founding  of  Spanish  California, 
y    Bolton  and  Marshall,  Colonization  of  North  America,  68-71, 
388-395. 


119 

H.  I.  Priestley,  Galvez. 

A.  Robinson,  Life  in  California. 

R.  H.  Dana,  Two  Years  before  the  Mast. 

J.   O.   Pattie,  Narrative,   Thwaites    (Ed.),   Early   Western 

Travels,  XVIII. 

H.  C.  Dale,  Ashley-Smith  Explorations. 
W.  F.  Wagner  (Ed.),  Adventures  of  Xenas  Leonard,  1831- 

1836. 

T.  H.  Hittell,  History  of  California,  I-II. 
H.   H.   Bancroft,   History  of   California,   I-V;    California 

Pastoral. 

Z.  Engelhardt,  O.  F.  M.,  Missions  and  Missionaries  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

G.  W.  James,  In  and  Out  of  the  Old  Missions  of  California. 
A.  Forbes,  California  (1839). 
E.  D.  de  Mofras,  Exploration  du  territoire  de  POregon,  des 

Californies,  et  de  la  Mer  Vermeille,  1840-1842.     Paris, 

1844. 
Bidwell,  "  First  Emigrant  Train  to  California/'  and  "  Life 

in    California  before  the  Gold  Discovery/'  in  Century 

Magazine,  XLI,  106,  163. 
Century  Magazine,  XLI,  183,  377,  389. 
T.  J.  Schoonover,  John  A.  Sutter. 

California  Question 

E.  D.  Adams,  British  Interests  and  Activities  in  Texas,  ch. 

12   (California);    also   in  American  Historical   Review, 

XIV,  744. 
R.  G.  Cleland,  "  Early  Sentiment  for  Annexation  of  Cali-     -ft 

fornia,"  in  Southwestern  Historical  Quarterly,  XVIII,  1, 

121,  231. 

*Justin  Smith,  Mexican  War,  I,  chs.  16,  17. 
R.  W.  Kelsey,  "  The  United  States  Consulate  in  California/' 

in  Academy  of  Pacific  Coast  History  Publications,  I, 

44-103. 


120 

L.  G.  Tyler,  Letters  and  Times  of  the  Tylers,  II,  260;   III, 

206. 

M.  M.  Quaife  (Ed.),  Diary  of  James  K.  Polk. 
Century  Magazine,  XLI,  518-525,  780-783,  917-929. 
Niles'  Register,  LXX,  257. 
J.  Schouler,  Historical  Briefs,  149. 

The  Rush  to  the  Gold  Mines 

T.  H.  Hittell,  History  of  California,  II,  682-700,  719;  III. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  California,  VI. 

Century  Magazine,  XX,  269;  XLI-XLII  (1890-1892), 

E.  P.  D.  Houghton,  Donner  Party. 

L.  W.  Hastings,  Emigrant's  Guide  (1846). 

J.  E.  Ware,  Emigrant's  Guide  to  California  (1849). 

R.  B.  Marcy,  Prairie  Traveller  (1859). 

J.  A.  Phillips,  Mining  and  Metalling  of  Gold  and  Silver, 
chs.  4,  8,  9. 

J.  S.  Hittell,  Mining  in  the  Pacific  States. 

Consult  the  card  catalogue  under  the  following  authors  for 
miners'  journals,  narratives,  etc.:  J.  Abbey,  G.  Adams, 
G.  Aimard,  D.  T.  Ansted,  E.  Auger,  D.  B.  Bates,  J.  R. 
Bartlett,  J.  D.  Borthwick,  J.  T.  Brooks,  E.  Bryant, 
E.  G.  Buffum,  J.  H.  Carson,  S.  N.  Carvalho,  H.  J.  Coke, 
P.  St.  G.  Cooke,  J.  Coulter,  W.  Coulton,  H.  DeGroot, 
A.  Delano,  L.  Dickinson,  W.  Downie,  W.  H.  Emory, 
Ewer,  F.  Gerstacker,  J.  T.  Johnson,  T.  J.  Farnham, 

C.  D.  Ferguson,  S.  J.  Field,  G.  G.  Foster,  F.  A.  Gay, 
J.  W.  Harlan,  F.  B.  Harte,  C.  W.  Haskins,  H.  R.  Helper, 
H.  V.  Huntley,  J."  T.  Johnson,  W.  Kelly,  G.  B.  King, 

D.  Knower,  L.  B.  Patterson,  J.  W.  Revere,  A.  Robin- 
son, F.  Robinson,  W.  R.  Ryan,  E.  Seydt,  W.  Shaw, 
P.  Shaw,  H.  I.  Simpson,  J.  D.  B.  Stillman,  B.  Taylor, 
T.  Turnbull,  J.  L.  Tyson,  P.  T.  Tyson,  S.  C.  Upham,  H.  A. 
Ware,  F.  P.  Wierzbicki,  C.  Wilkes,  S.  H.  Willey,  J.  Weik, 
D.  B.  Woods,  J.  Wyld. 


121 

The  Mining  Camp  and  Mining  Law 

*Commissioner   of  the   General   Land   Office,   The   Public 

Lands  of  the  United  States,  61  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc. 

445,  and  separately,  pp.  9-13;  and  31  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Sen. 

Doc.  2,  p.  18. 

T.  B.  King,  Report  on  California. 
H.  Shinn,  The  Mining  Camp. 
*J.  Royce,  "  Provincialism,  based  upon  a  Study  of  Early 

Conditions  in  California,"  in  Putnam's  Magazine,  VII, 

323  (November,  1909) ;  and  Race  Questions,  ch.  2,  232. 
Mary  F.  Williams,  San  Francisco  Committee  of  Vigilance  of 

1851,  ch.  4. 
C.  Goodwin,  Establishment  of  State  Government  in  Cali- 

fornia,  51-60. 

H.  C.  Merwin,  Life  of  Bret  Harte,  chs.  5-10. 
J.  F.  Davis,  Historical  Sketch  of  Mining  Law  in  California. 

Effects  of  California  and  Australia  Gold 

W.  S.  Jevons,  Investigations  in  Currency  and  Finance,  ch.  2. 
*J.  L.  Laughlin,  Bimetallism,  chs.  5,  8. 
J.  E.  Cairnes,  Essays  in  Political  Economy,  essay  2. 
Aldrich,  Report  on  Retail  Prices  and  Wages,  52  Cong.  1, 

Sess.,  Sen.  Rep.,  No.  986. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History  of  United  States,  222. 
K.  Coman,  Industrial  History  of  United  States,  218. 
C.  Day,  History  of  Commerce,  526. 
E.  S.  Mead,  Story  of  Gold. 

XXXVI.     THE  MEXICAN  WAR 
Origins 

Guide,  §§218-219;  see  also  references  above  under  Sections 

XXXII  and  XXXV. 
G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  chs.  13-14. 


122 

*Justin  Smith,  Mexican  War,  I,  chs.  1-9. 

G.  L.  Rives,  United  States  and  Mexico,  1821-1848,  I,  chs.  7, 

17,  18,  20,  21;  and  II,  chS.  29-32. 
J.  S.  Reeves,  American  Diplomacy  under  Tyler  and  Polk, 

chs.  11,  12. 
H.  von  Hoist,  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States, 

chs.  4,  7,  8. 

C.  C.  Kohl,  Claims  as  a  Cause  of  the  Mexican  War. 
M.  M.  Quaife  (Ed.),  Folk's  Diary. 
E.  I.  McCormac,  Life  of  Polk,  ch.  17. 
W.  R.  Manning,  Early  Diplomatic  Relations  between  United 

States  and  Mexico. 
*E.  G.  Bourne,  "  United  States  and  Mexico  in  1847-1848," 

in  American  Historical  Review,  V,  491;    and  in  Essays 

in  Historical  Criticism,  No.  9. 

C.  H.  Owen,  Justice  of  the  Mexican  War  (a  defense). 
W.  Jay,  Review  of  the  Causes  and  Consequence  of  the 

Mexican  War  (an  abolitionist's  attack). 
J.  B.  Moore,  International  Arbitrations,  II,  1209-1249;   and 

Works  of  Buchanan,  VI,  VII. 

,        The  Mexican  War 

Justin  Smith,  Mexican  War. 

G.  L.  Rives,  United  States  and  Mexico,  1821-1848,  chs.  33- 

51. 

N.  W.  Stephenson,  Texas  and  the  Mexican  War,  chs.  10-14. 
G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  chs.  13-15,  and  pp. 

341-343  (bibliography). 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  VII, 

440-472,  506-525. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  History  of  Mexico,  V. 
M.  J.  Wright,  General  Scott. 
O.  0.  Howard,  General  Taylor. 
U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs. 


123 

D.  J.  Ryan,  "Ohio  in  the  Mexican  War,"  in  Ohio  Archaeo- 
logical and  Historical  Society  Publications. 

The  Politics  of  the  Mexican  War 

E.  I.  McCormac,  Life  of  Polk,  chs.  18-20. 

C.  S.  Boucher,  "In  re  That  Aggressive  Slavocracy,"  in 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  VIII,  29-42. 

A.  Johnson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  chs.  6-7. 

W.  E.  Dodd,  "  The  West  and  the  War  with  Mexico,"  in 
Journal  of  Illinois  Historical  Society,  V,  159-172;  and 
Robert  J.  Walker,  Imperialist,  21-26. 

The  West  on  the  Pacific:  Isthmian  Diplomacy 

Guide,  §  224,  238,  257. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  ch.  18  and  p.  344 
(bibliography) . 

J.  F.  Rippy,  "  Diplomacy  of  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec, 
1848-1860,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  VI, 
503;  and  "Gadsden  Treaty,"  in  Southwestern  Historical 
Quarterly,  XXIV,  235. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  VII, 
522-579. 

J.  M.  Callahan,  "  The  Mexican  Policy  of  Southern  Leaders 
under  Buchanan's  Administration,"  in  American  Histori- 
cal Association  Report,  1910,  133. 

A.  R.  Colquehon,  The  Mastery  of  the  Pacific. 

M.  W.  Williams,  Anglo-American  Isthmian  Diplomacy,  1815- 
1915. 

W.  F.  Johnson,  Four  Centuries  of  the  Panama  Canal. 

L.  M.  Keasbey,  Nicaraguan  Canal. 

J.  W.  Foster,  American  Diplomacy  in  the  Orient,  chs.  1-7. 

J.  Musser,  Establishment  of  Maximilian's  Empire  in  Mexico. 


124 


XXXVII.   GOVERNMENT  AND  SLAVERY  IN  THE  NEW 
TERRITORIES:   COMPROMISE  OF  1850 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  221,  222. 

G.  P.  Garrison,  Westward  Extension,  chs.  16,  19,  20. 
T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  chs.  1-2. 
J.  B.  McMaster,  History  of  People  of  United  States,  VI, 

481-487;  VII,  473-505,  526-551,  609-614. 
E.  I.  McCormac,  Life  of  Polk,  ch.  22. 
J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  90-196. 
R.  McN.  McElroy,  The  Winning  of  the  Far  West,  313-346. 
W.  E.  Dodd,  Jefferson  Davis,  chs.  4,  6-8;  and  Statesmen  of 

the  Old  South,  133-191. 
A.  Johnson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  ch.  9. 

Southern  Movement,  1847-1850 

*A.  C.  Cole,  Whig  Party  in  the  South,  chs.  5  and  6. 

H.  V.  Ames,  "Calhoun  and  Secession  Movement,  1850,"  in 
American  Antiquarian  Society  Proceedings,  XXVIII,  19; 
and  State  Documents  on  Federal  Relations,  No.  VI, 
Slavery  and  the  Union,  1845-1861  (documents  and 
bibliography). 

M.  L.  White,  Secession  Movement  in  the  United  States,  1847- 
1852. 

St.  G.  L.  Sioussat,  "  Nashville  Convention/'  in  Mississippi 
Valley  Historical  Review,  II,  313. 

C.  B.  Boucher,  Secession  and  Cooperation  Movements  in 
South  Carolina,  1848-1852;  and  "That  Aggressive 
Slavocracy/'  in  Mississ'ppi  Valley  Historical  Review, 
VIII,  39-59. 

C.  Hearon,  Mississippi  and  the  Compromise  of  1850. 

F.  Newberry,  "Nashville  Convention  and  Southern  Senti- 
ment/7 in  South  Atlantic  Quarterly,  XI,  259. 


125 


The  Organization  of  Government  in  the  New  Territories 

See  references  under  XVIII. 

A.  B.  Hart,  Manual  of  American  History,  Diplomacy,  and 
Government,  73,  197  (§116),  354-357  (§§218-219) 
(status  of  conquered  territory). 

F.  V.  Holman,  "  Brief  History  of  Oregon  Provisional  Govern- 
ment," in  Quarterly  of  the  Oregon  Historical  Society, 
XIII,  89. 

R.  C.  Clark,  "  How  British  and  American  Subjects  United 
in  1844,"  ibid.,  140. 

H.  S.  Lyman,  History  of  Oregon,  IV. 

J.  Schafer,  History  of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  ch.  13. 

F.  W.  Herriott,  "  Transplanting  of  Iowa's  Laws  to  Oregon," 
in  Annals  of  Iowa,  VI,  455. 

W.  C.  Woodward,  Political  Parties  in  Oregon. 

C.  Goodwin,  Establishment  of  State  Government  in  Cali-     /i 
fornia. 

M.  F.  Williams,  San  Francisco  Committee  of  Vigilance  of     x 
1851. 

J.  R.  Brown,  Report  of  Debates  in  the  Convention  of  Cali- 
fornia, 1849. 

E.  G.  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  No.  9. 

W.  Colton,  Three  Years  in  California. 

J.  H.  Willey,  Transition  Period  of  California. 

W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs,  I,  30-41. 

T.  H.  Hittell,  California,  II,  580,  585-588,  625-638,  642,  654- 
655,  663,  674,  701-718,  756-774,  808-823. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  California,  VI,  chs.  12-13;  Popular  Tri- 
bunals, I;  Utah,  chs.  17-18;  Arizona  and  New  Mexico, 
chs.  17-20,  25. 

T.  H.  Benton,  Thirty  Years'  View,  II. 

Congressional  Globe,  29  Cong.,  2  Sess.;  31  Cong.,  1  Sess. 

J.  C.  Calhoun,  Works,  IV,  339-349,  394. 

J.  H.  Seward,  Works,  I,  94. 


126 

D.  Y.  Thomas,  History  of  Government  in  Newly  Acquired 

Territory  of  the  United  States. 

Charles  Meyerholz,  Federal  Supervision  over  Territories. 
C.  E.  Magoon,  Reports  on  the  Law  of  Civil  Government  in 

Territory  Subject  to  Military  Occupation  by  the  Military 

Forces  of  the  United  States,  Bureau  of  Insular  Affairs, 

Washington,  1903  (3d  edition). 
W.  W.  Willoughby,  Territories  and  Dependencies  of  United 

States. 


XXXVIII.   THE  WEST  AND  SLAVERY,  1850-1860 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  222,  225-229. 

Woodrow  Wilson,  Division  and  Reunion,  174-212. 

Jesse  Macy,  Anti-Slavery  Crusade,  chs.  10-14. 

Allen  Johnson,  Readings  in  American  Constitutional  His- 
tory, 405-154;  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  chs.  10-20. 

A.  C.  Cole,  "  Lincoln  and  the  Illinois  Radical  Republicans," 
in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  VI,  417. 

W.  E.  Dodd,  Statesmen  of  the  Old  South,  191-235;  and 
Jefferson  Davis,  chs.  9-12;  and  "  Profitable  Fields  of 
Investigation  in  American  History,  1815-1860,"  in 
American  Historical  Review,  XVIII,  522-536. 

U.  B.  Phillips,  Toombs,  chs.  4-8. 

W.  MacDonald,  Select  Documents,  395-405,  413-441. 

H.  V.  Ames,  State  Documents  on  Federal  Relations,  No.  VI, 
Slavery  and  the  Union,  1845-1861. 

T.  C.  Smith,  Parties  and  Slavery,  chs.  1-4,  7-12,  14-17,  20; 
and  Liberty  and  Free  Soil  Parties,  chs.  12-20. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  ch.  6. 

J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  I,  424-498; 
II,  45-131,  150-200,  229,  237-384,  428-500. 

H.  White,  Lyman  Trumbull, 


127 

Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln. 

The  South  in  the  Building  of  the  Nation,  IV,  V,  passim. 

J.  T.  Morse,  Lincoln,  I,  92-179. 

C.  Schurz,  Reminiscences,  II. 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  207  (map). 

Fugitive  Slave  Agitation 
Guide,  §  223. 

Marion  G.  McDougal,  Fugitive  Slaves,  chs.  3-6. 
W.  H.  Siebert,  Underground  Railroad. 

J.  B.  Winslow,  Story  of  a  Great  Court,  67-82,  118-121,  263- 
268.  (Wisconsin,  Booth  Case.) 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  Squatter  Sovereignty 

*F.  H.  Hodder,  "  Genesis  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Act,"  in 
State  Historical  Society  of  Wisconsin  Proceedings,  1912, 
69. 

*P.  O.  Ray,  Repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise. 

Allen  Johnson,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  145-281;  and  "  Genesis 
of  Popular  Sovereignty,"  in  Iowa  Journal  of  History  and 
Politics,  III,  3. 

R.   Gittinger,   "  Separation  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas  from      X 
Indian  Territory,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Re- 
view, III,  442;  also  in  Formation  of  Oklahoma,  ch.  3. 

J.  C.  Malm,  Indian  Policy  and  Westward  Expansion. 

F.  I.  Herriott,  "  Douglas  and  the  Germans  in  1854,"  in 
Illinois  Historical  Society  Transactions,  1912,  142. 

E.  McMahon,  "  Stephen  A.  Douglas,"  in  Washington  His- 
torical Quarterly,  II,  209,  309. 

Channiiig  and  Hart,  American  History  Leaflets,  No.  17. 

Emigrant  Aid  Society  and  "  Bleeding  Kansas  " 

W.  O.  Lynch,  "  Colonization  of  Kansas,  1854-1860,"  in 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  IX, 
380. 


128 

M.  J.  Klem,  " Missouri  in  the  Kansas  Struggle/'  mibid.,  393. 

P.  W.  Bid  well,  "New  England  Emigrant  Aid  Company  and 
English  Cotton  Supply  Associations/ '  in  American  His- 
torical Review,  XXIII,  114. 

E.  E.  Hale,  "New  England  in  the  Colonization  of  Kansas," 
in  W.  T.  Davis  (Ed.),  The  New  England  States,  I,  79. 

*O.  Villard,  John  Brown. 

W.  E.  Miller,  The  Peopling  of  Kansas. 

Eli  Thayer,  The  Kansas  Crusade. 

F.  W.  Blackmar,  Charles  Robinson. 

W.  H.  Isely,  "  Sharps  Rifle  Episode,"  in  American  Historical 

Review,  XII,  546. 

W.  L.  Fleming,  "  Buford  Expedition,"  ibid.,  VI,  38. 
F.  H.  Hodder,  "  The  English  Bill,"  in  American  Historical 

Association  Report,  1906,  I,  201. 
D.  W.  Wilder,  Annals  of  Kansas. 
J.  H.  Gihon,  Geary  and  Kansas. 
J.  H.  Webb,  Information  for  Kansas  Immigrants. 
T.  W.  Higginson,  Ride  through  Kansas. 
Mrs.  H.  A.  Ropes,  Six  Months  in  Kansas. 
J.  Doy,  Narrative. 

Margaret  Wood,  Memorial  to  S.  M.  Wood. 
R.  H.  Williams,  With  the  Border  Ruffians. 

The  West  and  the  Republican  Party 

A.  J.  Turner,  Genesis  of  the  Republican  Party. 

C.  Zimmerman,  "Rise  of  the  Republican  Party  in  Indiana," 

in  Indiana  Magazine  of  History,  XIII,  211. 
F.  B.  Streeter,  Political  Parties  in  Michigan,  1837-1860. 
W.  C.  Harris,  Zachariah  Chandler. 
F.  Curtis,  Republican  Party,  I,  chs.  6-9. 
H.  J.  Desmond,  Know-Nothing  Party. 
Diary  and  Correspondence  of  S.  P.  Chase^220-252,  264. 
Wm.  Salter,  J.  W.  Grimes,  52-92. 


The  Dred  Scott  Decision  and  the  Lincoln-Douglas  Debates 

E.  S.  Corwin,  "  Dred  Scott  Decision,"  in  American  Histori- 
cal Review,  XVII,  52. 

F.  T.  Hill,  Decisive  Battles  of  the  Law,  ch.  4. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  "  The  Lincoln-Douglas  Debates/'  in  Collec- 
tions of  the  Illinois  State  Historical  Library,  III. 

A. -Lincoln,  Works  (2  vol.  edition),  I,  235-653. 

0.  M.  Dickerson,  "  Douglas  and  the  Split  in  the  Democratic 
Party,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association  Pro- 
ceedings, VII,  196. 

The  Election  of  1860 

W.   E.   Dodd,   "  Fight  for  the  Northwest,"   in  American 

Historical  Review,  XVI,  774. 
E.  Stanwood,  The  Presidency,  ch.  21. 

E.  D.  Fite,  Presidential  Election  of  1860. 

D.  W.  Bartlett,  Presidential  Candidates  in  1860. 

C.  R.  Fish,  "  The  Decision  of  the  Ohio  Valley,"  in  American 
Historical  Association  Report,  1910,  155. 

F.  I.  Herriott,  "Iowa  and  the  First  Nomination  of  Lincoln," 

Annals  of  Iowa,  3d  Series,  VIII,  81,  186,  444. 

D.  C.  Shilling,  "  Relation  of  Southern  Ohio  to  the  South 
during  the  Decade  preceding  the  Civil  War  "  in  Quarterly 
Publicatipn   of  the   Ohio   Historical   and   Philosophical 
Society,  Jan.-March,  1913. 

J.  Lynch,  A  Senator  of  the  Fifties  [California]. 

XXXIX.   THE  WEST  IN  THE  CIVIL  WAR 
General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  230,  232,  233-236,  239,  247. 
J.  Fiske,  Mississippi  Valley  in  the  Civil  War. 
J.   K.   Hosmer,  Appeal  to  Arms,   332  (bibliography),  chs. 
2-3,  6-8,  15,  18. 


130 

J.  K.  Hosmer,  Outcome   of   the  Civil  War,  307  (bibliog- 
raphy), chs.  2-3,  7,  12. 

J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  Civil  War;  and   History  of  the 
United  States,  III-V  (use  table  of  contents). 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Civil  War,  58-59,  64-65,   115-156,  203-208, 
223-228,  233-237. 

N.  W.'Stephenson,  "A  Theory  of  Jefferson  Davis,"  in  Ameri- 
can Historical  Review,  XXI,  73. 

J.  R.  Robertson,  "  Sectionalism  in  Kentucky,  1855-1865,"  in 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  IV,  49. 

W.  C.  Cochran,  "  Cream  of  a  Northwestern  Confederacy,"  in 
Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Proceedings,  1916,  213. 

C.  R.    Fish,  "  Northern   Railroads  in   the    Civil  War,"  in 
American  Historical  Review,  XXII,  778. 

C.  W.  Ramsdell,  "  Confederate   Government  and  the  Rail- 
roads," in  ibid.,  794. 

J.  Formby,  American  Civil  War  (with  maps). 

Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln  (use  table  of  contents). 

U.  S.  Grant,  Personal  Memoirs. 

W.  T.  Sherman,  Memoirs. 

Joseph  E.  Johnston,  Narrative. 

E.  P.  Alexander,  Military  Memoirs. 

W.  R.  Shepherd,  Historical  Atlas,  208. 

Consult  the  bibliographies  above  for  special  battles, 
campaigns,  leaders,  regiments,  etc.  Sources  are  in 
Official  Records  of  the  Civil  War. 

Western  Economic  Conditions 

E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions  during  the 
Civil  War. 

Frederick  Merk,  Economic  History  of  Wisconsin. 
A.  C.  Cole,  The  Era  of  the  Civil  War.  (Illinois.) 
M.  Peto,  Resources  and  Prospects  of  America. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  "  The  West  and  the  Growth  of  the  National 
Ideal,"  in  Illinois  State  Historical  Society  Transactions, 
1910,  XV,  24. 


131 

L.  B.  Schmidt,  "  Influence  of  Wheat  and  Cotton  on  Anglo- 
American  Relations  during  the  Civil  War,"  in  Iowa  Jour- 
nal of  History,  XVI,  400. 

See  also  references  in  Sections  XL,  XLIII,  and  Guide, 
§§  241-242,  245,  248. 

Western  Politics 

E.  B.  Greene,  "  Some  Aspects  of  Politics  in  the  Middle 
West,  1860-1872,"  in  State  Historical  Society  of  Wis- 
consin Proceedings,  1911,  60. 

E.  J.  Benton,  "  Movement  for  Peace  without  Victory  in  the 
Civil  War,"  in  Western  Reserve  Historical  Society  Pub- 
lications, No.  99. 

*J.  F.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  V,  315-329. 

Nicolay  and  Hay,  Abraham  Lincoln,  VIII,  ch.  1. 

E.  M.  Coulter,  "  Trade  in  Mississippi  Valley,  1861-1865,"  in 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  III,  275;  and 
"  Commercial  Intercourse  with  Confederacy,"  ibid.,  V,  377. 

J.  A.  Woodburn,  "  Party  Politics  in  Indiana  during  the 
Civil  War,"  in  Am.  Hist.  Assoc.  Report,  1902,  I,  223. 

W.  D.  Foulke,  Life  of  Morton,  I,  373-432. 

Benn  Pitman,  Trials  for  Treason  at  Indianapolis.  Sum- 
marized by  Judge- Advocate -General  Holt  in  Official 
Records  of  the  Union  and  Confederate  Armies,  Series  II, 
Vol.  VII,  930. 

G.  H.  Porter,  Ohio  Politics  during  the  Civil  War  Period. 

0.  B.  Clark,  Politics  of  Iowa  during  the  Civil  War. 

S.  B.  Harding,  Party  Struggles  in  Missouri  During  the  Civil 
War. 

A.  C.  Cole,  Era  of  the  Civil  War,  296-311. 

H.  M.  Dilla,  Politics  of  Michigan,  1865-1878. 

W.  C.  Woodward  Political  Parties  in  Oregon,  chs.  10-14. 

E.  R.  Kennedy,  The  Contest  for  California  in  1861. 
Consult  State  histories  and  the  lives  of  leaders. 


132 

Purchase  of  Alaska 

F.  A.  Golden,  "  Purchase  of  Alaska,"  in  American  Historical 

Review,  XXV,  411. 
W.  A.  Dunning,  " Paying  for  Alaska/'  in  Political  Science 

Quarterly,  September,  1912. 

XL.   DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  MINING  FRONTIER, 
1859-1876 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  245. 
*W.   J.   Trimble,   The   Mining   Advance   into   the   Inland 

Empire;    and  "Gold  Discoveries  in  the  Northwest/'  in 

Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  V,  70. 
F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  chs.  9-10. 
H.  A.  Trexler,  "Missouri-Montana  Highways,"  in  Missouri 

Historical  Review,  XII,  67,  145;  and  Flour  and  Wheat  in 

Montana  Gold  Camps,  1862-1870. 
T.  M.  Marshall,  "Miners'  Laws  of  Colorado,"  in  American 

Historical  Review,  XXV,  426;    and  Early  Records  t  of 

Gilpin  County  (Colorado). 

L.  E.  Young,  Mine  Taxation  in  the  United  States. 
Clarence  King,  Mining  Laws  and  Regulations,  in  Reports  of 

the  Tenth  Census,  XIV. 

E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  ch.  2. 
C.    M.    Harvey,    "  Trail   of   the   Argonauts,"    in   Atlantic 

Monthly,  CVIII,  115. 
T.  C.  Smith,  "  Expansion  after  the  Civil  War,"  in  Political 

Science  Quarterly,  XVI,  412. 
C.  H.  Shinn,  Story  of  the  Mine. 
A.  D.  Anderson,  The  Silver  Country. 
J.  Ross  Brown,  Report  on  the  Mineral  Resources,  1866+ . 
Williams  and  Wheeler,  Mining  in  Montana. 
E.  Lord,  Comstock  Mining  and  Miners. 


133 

G.  Hebard,  Pathbreakers,  156-180. 

S.  L.  Clemens  [Mark  Twain],  Roughing  It. 

W.  Wright  [Dan  de  Quille],  Big  Bonanza. 

N.  P.  Langford,  Vigilante  Days  and  Ways. 

T.  J.  Dimsdale,  Vigilantes  of  Montana. 

C.  J.  Brosnan,  Idaho. 

J.  C.  Birge,  Awakening  of  the  Desert. 

Consult  the  different  State  histories,  including  those  in 
H.  H.  Bancroft,  Works. 

E.  Lutrell,    "  Bibliographical    List  ...  on    Arizona,"    in 
University  of  Arizona  Record,  Series  VI. 

W.  R.  Crane,  Index  of  Mining  Engineering  Literature. 

XLI.   THE. INDIANS  AND  THE  ARMY  ON  THE  FRONTIER, 
1850-1876 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  247. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  chs.  2,  8, 14-17,  20,  21. 

G.  A.  Forsyth,  Story  of  the  Soldier. 

J.  P.  Dunn,  Massacres  of  the  Mountains. 
J.  M.  Hanson,  Conquest  of  the  Missouri. 
G.  Hebard,  Pathbreakers,  ch.  7. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  ch.  16. 
W.  K.  Moorehead,  American  Indian. 

J.  McLaughlin,  My  Friend  the  Indian. 

F.  E.  Leupp,  The  Indian  and  his  Problem. 

Official  Sources 

Handbook  of  American  Indians. 

C.  J.  Kappler,  Indian  Affairs,  Laws  and  Treaties. 

Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Eighteenth  Annual  Report,  part  II 
(maps  of  cessions);  Reports  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Indian  Affairs;  Board  of  Indian  Commissioners;  Senate 
and  House  Committees;  Secretary  of  War;  Bureau  of 


134 

Engineers;  Superintendent  of  Documents,  Price  List  20, 
Indians;  J.  P.  Dunn,  Massacres,  pp.  757-764  (lists  of 
congressional  documents) . 

Descriptions  and  Reminiscences 

See  the  card  catalogue  under  the  following  authors:  H.  A. 
Boiler,  J.  G.  Bourke,  J.  R.  Browne,  H.  B.  Carrington, 
Mrs.  H.  B.  Carrington,  W.  F.  Cody  (Buffalo  Bill), 
John  R.  Cook,  P.  St.  G.  Cooke,  E.  B.  Custer,  G.  A.  Custer, 
W.  F.  Drannan,  J.  K.  Dixon,  John  F.  Finerty,  G.  B. 
Grinnell,  F.  M.  Hans,  0.  0.  Howard,  Henry  Howe,  M.  A. 
D.  W.  Howe,  R.  W.  Johnson,  Charles  King,  G.  A.  McCall, 
R.  B.  Marcy,  N.  A.  Miles,  D.  C.  Poole,  G.  F.  Price,  S.  R. 
Riggs,  P.  H.  Sheridan,  W.  T.  Sherman,  H.  M.  Stanley, 
M.  Summerhayes,  J.  H.  Taylor,  D.  S.  Tuttle,  E.  F.  Ware, 
N.  B.  Whipple,  E.  E.  White. 

XLII.  THE  PACIFIC  RAILWAYS  TO  1870 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  246. 
*F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  chs.  11-13. 

E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  ch.  3. 

L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways,  I,  234-269 
(bottom  paging) ;  II,  49-1 14.* 

F.  A.  Root  and  W.  E.  Connolly,  Overland  Stage. 
Alex.  Majors,  Seventy  Years  on  the  Frontier. 
A.  L.  Stimson,  Express  Business. 

W.  L.  Visscher,  Pony  Express. 

W.  F.  Bailey,  "  Pony  Express/7  in  Century,  XXXIV,  882. 

Reports  by  army  surveying  expeditions  on  routes  to   the 

Pacific  are  in  33  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Sen.  Exec.  Doc.  78. 
S.  Daggett,  Railroad  Reorganization. 
John  Moody,  The  Railroad  Builders,  ch.  fr. 
E,  L,  Sabin,  Building  the  Pacific  Railway. 


135 

C.  F.  Carter,  When  Railroads  were  New. 

J.  P.  Davis,  Union  Pacific  Railway. 

H.  K.  White,  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

G.  M.  Dodge,  How  We  Built  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

J.  P.  Rhodes,  History  of  the  United  States,  VII,  1-18. 

J.  B.  Crawford,  Credit  Mobilier. 

H.  H.  Bancroft,  California,  VII,  494-635. 

XLIII.   LANDS  AND  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  MIDDLE 
WEST,  1860-1880 

^General  Reading 
Guide,  §§  246,  248. 

E.  D.  Fite,  Social  and  Industrial  Conditions,  ch.  1. 
E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  ch.  20. 
Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office,  The  Public  Lands, 
61  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  No.  445,  pp.  12-16. 

Lands 

See  also  references  under  Section  XIX  in  this  list. 
K.  Nelson,  "  Summary  of  our  Most  Important  Land  Laws/7 

in  Annals  of  American  Academy,  May,   1909,  and  61 

Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  No.  59. 
C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  Natural  Resources,  35-44, 

98-101,  279-297. 

Thomas  Donaldson,  Public  Domain. 
S.  Sato,  History  of  the  Land  Question. 
J.  Ise,  United  States  Forest  Policy. 
W.  F.  Raney,  "  Timber  Culture  Acts,"  in  Mississippi  Valley 

Historical  Association  Proceedings,  X,  219. 
R.  T.  Hill,  Public  Domain  and  Democracy,  chs.  2,  7,  8. 
J.  B.  Sanborn,  Congressional   Grants  of  Land  in  Aid  of 

Railways;  cf.  map  in  Department  of  Commerce,  Bureau 

of  Corporations,  Lumber  Industry,  Part  I,  ch.  6.     See 

also  "  Political  Aspects  of  Homestead  Legislation,"  in 

American  Historical  Review,  VI,  19, 


136 

L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  History  of  Railways,  II  (1850- 

1887),  13-33. 
*G.  W.  Stephenson,  Political  History  of  the  Public  Lands, 

chs.  7-15.    (Bibliography.) 
St.  G.  L.  Sioussat,  "  Andrew  Johnson  and  the  Homestead 

Bill,"  in  Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Review,  V,  253. 
J.   R.   Commons,   Documentary  History  of  American  In- 
dustrial   Society,    VII,    29-36,   285-364;     VIII,  21-78; 

IX,  46-51. 

R.  Meyer,  Heimstatten. 
L.  H.  Bailey  (Ed.),  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  IV, 

ch.  5. 

Public  Land  Commission  [of  1879]  Report. 
General  Land  Office  Reports. 
Department  of  Commerce,  Bureau  of  Corporations,  The 

Lumber  Industry,  Part  I,  ch.  4  (land  grant  map). 

Agriculture 

William  Trimble,  Introductory  Manual  for  Agrarian  History. 

L.  B.  Schmidt,  Topical  Studies  and  References  on  the  History 
of  American  Agriculture. 

H.  C.  Taylor  and  John  L.  Coulter,  maps  of  progress  of 
wheat  cultivation,  in  World's  Work,  XIX,  12232-12237, 
and  in  International  Harvester  Co.  Almanac,  1911;  and 
maps  of  wool  production  in  H.  C.  Taylor,  Place  of 
Economics  in  Agricultural  Education,  University  of 
Wisconsin,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Bulletin 
No.  16  (1911). 

United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  Office  of  Farm 
Management,  Atlas  of  World  Agriculture. 

L.  H.  Bailey  (Ed.),  Cyclopedia  of  American  Agriculture,  IV. 

J.  B.  Ross,  "  Agrarian  Changes  in  the  Middle  West,"  in 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  XXV,  625, 


137 

L.  G.  Connor,  "  Sheep  Industry  !n  the  United  States,"  in 

American  Historical  Association  Report,   1918,  I,   128- 

136,  and  maps. 
L.  B.  Schmidt,  "  Internal  Grain  Trade,  1860-1880,"  in  Iowa 

Journal  of  History,  XIX,  196,  414. 
*William   Trimble,    "  Surplus   Food   Production   of   United 

States,"  in  American  Historical  Association  Report,  1918, 

I,  223.    See  also  Introductory  Manual  for  Agrarian  His- 
tory, 40. 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  Report,  1883,  323- 

354.     See  also  citations. 
M.   Sering,    Die   Landwirthschaftliche    Konkurrenz    Nord- 

amerikas. 

James  MacDonald,  Food  from  the  Far  West. 
Finlay  Dun,  American  Farming  and  Food. 
E.  Levasseur,  L7 Agriculture  aux  Etats-unis. 
Holland  Thompson,  Age  of  Invention,  ch.  5. 
H.  W.  Quaintance,  Influence  of  Farm  Machinery. 
H.  N.  Casson,  Romance  of  the  Reaper;  and  Cyrus  McCor- 

mick. 
H.  B.  Learned,  President's  Cabinet,  ch.   11   (Secretary  of 

Agriculture). 
Reports  of  the  United  States  Commissioner  of  Agriculture; 

and  of  State  Agricultural  Boards. 
Transactions  and  Monthly  Bulletin  of  U.  S.  Agricultural 

Society. 
Grain  Trade,  Monthly  Summary  of  Commerce  and  Finance, 

1899-1900,  1957. 
United  States  Census  Reports,  1860,  1870,  1880,  volumes  on 

agriculture. 
Agricultural  periodicals  (see  Buck,  Granger  Movement,  for 

bibliography). 


138 


XLI V.   GRANGERS  AND  GREENBACKERS  TO  1880 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §§  250,  252;  cf.  243,  246. 

S.  J.  Buck,  Granger  Movement;  and  Agrarian  Crusade,  chs. 

1-6;  and  "  Independent  Parties,  1873-1876,"  in  Turner 

Essays,  137. 

Frederick  Merk,  Economic  History  of  Wisconsin,  chs.  9-13. 
T.  B.  Veblen,  "  Price  of  Wheat  since  1867,"  in  Journal  of 

Political  Economy,  I,  68. 
C.  W.  Pierson,  "  Granger  Movement,"  in  Popular  Science 

Monthly,  XXXII,  199. 

C.  F.  Adams,  "  Granger  Movement,"  in  North  American 
Review,  CXX,  394. 

D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History  of  the  United  States,  331- 
382. 

A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years  of  American  Finance,  1-73. 
M.  S.  Wildman,  Money  Inflation,  117-188. 

Railroads 

W.  Z.  Ripley,  Railroads:  Rates  and  Regulation,  16-27. 
A.  T.  Hadley,  Railroad  Transportation,  ch.  7. 

E.  R.  Johnson,  American  Railway  Transportation,  ch.  25. 
H.    C.    Adams,    "Fanner    and    Railway    Legislation,"   in 

Century,  XXI,  780. 

F.  H.  Spearman,  Strategy  of  Great  Railroads. 
Scribner's  Statistical  Atlas  (maps  of  the  railway  net). 
H.  V.  Poor,  Manual,  1881. 

Tenth  Census,  1880,  IV,  Transportation  [history]. 

H.  G.  Pearson,  An  American  Railroad  Builder:  John  Murray 

Forbes  [C.B.  &  Q.]. 
W.  K.  Ackerman,  Illinois  Central. 
Yesterday  and  Today  [C.  and  N.  W.j. 
J.  W.  Gary,  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway. 


139 

Railroad  Reports  for  the  various  lines  during  the  period. 

See  Guide,  pages  505,  513;    and  Bureau  of  Railway 

Economics,  Railway  Economics,  a  Collective  Catalogue. 
Windom  Report  on  Transportation  Routes  to  the  Seaboard, 

43  Cong.,  1  Sess.,  Sen.  Rep.  307. 

Greenbackers  in  the  West 

C.  0.  Ruggles,  "  The  Economic  Basis  of  the  Greenback 
Movement  in  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,"  in  Mississippi  Valley 
Historical  Association  Proceedings,  1912-13,  142. 

F.  E.  Haynes,  James  B.  Weaver;  and  Third  Party  Move- 
ments Since  the  Civil  War,  part  iii. 

0.  G.  Libby,  "  A  Study  of  the  Greenback  Movement,  1876- 
1884,"  in  Wisconsin  Academy  Trans.  XII,  part  II,  530. 

E.  B.  Usher,  The  Greenback  Movement  of  1875-1884  and 
Wisconsin's  Part  in  It. 

XLV.  THE  GREAT  LAKES  AND  THE  NEW  NORTHWEST, 
1870-1890 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  259. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  22;    and   "  Ad- 
mission of  the  Omnibus  States,  1889-1890,"  in  State  His- 
torical Society  of  Wisconsin  Proceedings,  1911,  77. 

J.  D.  Hicks,  "Six  Constitutions  of  the  Far  North  west,"  in 
Mississippi  Valley  Historical  Association  Proceedings,  IX, 
360. 

E.  L.  Bogart,  Economic  History,  chs.  21,  23. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  17-21,  48,  51-55,  255- 
281,  305-326. 

J.  O.  Curwood,  Great  Lakes. 

N.  S.  Shaler  (Ed.),  United  States,  I,  354-374,  485-517. 

E.  Stanwood,  Tariff  Controversies,  II,  243-254. 

D.  A.  Wells,  Recent  Economic  Changes,  166-178. 


140 

Census  Atlas,  1900,  pp.  33-35  (maps  of  distribution  of 
population). 

Great  Lakes,  Forests,  and  Iron 

J.  E.  Defebaugh,  History  of  the  Lumber  Industry. 

G.  W.  Hotchkiss,  Lumber  and  Forest  Industry  of  the  North- 
west. 

Frederick  Merk,  Economic  History  of  Wisconsin,  chs.  2,  3. 

Treasury  Department,  Internal  Commerce,  Lumber  Trade 
of  U.  S.  (1907). 

Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Bureau  of  Corpora- 
tions, The  Lumber  Industry,  Parts  I  and  II. 

John  Ise,  United  States  Forest  Policy. 

Wisconsin  Historical  Society  Proceedings,  1910,  171-189. 

Michigan  Pioneer  and  Historical  Collections,  XXVIII,  148. 

Stewart  Edward  White,  The  Riverman  (fiction). 

F.  W.  Taussig,  "Iron  Industry,"  in  Bullock,  Readings  in 
Economics,  193-216. 

Walter  Thayer,  "  Transportation  on  the  Great  Lakes,"  in 
Annals  of  American  Academy,  XXXI,  126. 

See  p.  149,  XLIX,  Iron  ore. 

Railroads 

F.  L.  Paxson,  "  Pacific  Railroads,"  in  American  Historical 

Association  Report,  1907,  I,  105. 
John  Moody,  The  Railroad  Builders,  chs.  7,  9. 
E.  V.  Smalley,  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 
E.  P.  Oberholtzer,  Jay  Cooke,  II,  511-540. 
H.  Villard,  Memoirs,  II,  chs.  39-43. 
J.  G.  Pyle,  Life  of  James  J.  Hill. 
J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of  Progress. 
Moody  and  Turner,  in  McClure's,  XXXVI,  123. 
L.  H.  Haney,  Congressional  Hist,  of  Railways,  II,  ch.  10. 
Beckles  Willson,  Life  of  Lord  Strathcona  and  Mount  Royal. 
W.  Vaughn,  Life  of  Sir  William  Van  Home. 


141 


New  Northwest 

State  histories  (Guide,  §  37). 
Julian  Ralph,  Our  Great  West. 

R.  S.  Baker,  "  Great  Northwest/7  in  Century,  LXV,  647. 
J.  A.  Wheelock,  "  New  Northwest/'  Harper's,  XCVI,  299. 
C.  W.  Thompson,   "  Movement    of  Wheat    Growing/'    in 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  XVIII,  570. 

E.  V.  Robinson,  Early  Economic  Conditions  and  Agriculture 
in  Minnesota,  ch.  4. 

J.  L.  Coulter,  "  Industrial  History  of  the  Valley  of  the  Red 
River  of  the  North/'  in  North  Dakota  Hist.  Soc.,  III. 

C.  W.  Wright,  Wool  Growing  and  the  Tariff,  chs.  7  and  8. 

XL VI.   THE  GREAT  PLAINS  AND  THE  SOUTHWEST, 
1870-1890 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  260. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  "Cow  Country,"  in  American  Historical  Re- 
view, XXII,  65;    and  Last  American  Frontier,  ch.  22; 
and  "Pacific  Railroads,"  in  American  Historical  Asso- 
ciation Report,  1907,  I,  105. 

Clara  M.  Love,  "Cattle  Industry  in  the  Southwest,"  in  South- 
western  Historical  Quarterly,  XIX,  370;  XX,  1. 

Emerson  Hough,  Passing  of  the  Frontier,  chs.  2-4,  8,  9. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  21-28,  251-264,  310- 
311. 

D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  10-11,  16. 

R.  S.  Baker,  "  The  Great  Southwest,"  in  Century,  LXIV, 
passim. 

W.  E.  Smythe,  Arid  America,  106-118,  238-257. 

H.  Gannett,  Gazetteer  of  Kansas. 

S.  J.  Buck,  "  Oklahoma,"  in  Wisconsin  Academy  Trans- 
actions, XV,  325. 


142 

Roy  Gittinger,  Oklahoma,  chs.  7,  8. 

R.  T.  Hill,  Public  Domain  and  Democracy,  179-188  [fenc- 
ing the  public  domain]. 

Cattle  and  Sheep  Ranching  on  the  Great  Plains 

P.  A.  Rollins,  The  Cowboy. 

E.  Hough,  Story  of  the  Cowboy. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Ranch  Life. 

Andy  Adams,  Log  of  a  Cowboy. 

Jos.  Nimmo,  "  Report  on  the  Range  and  Cattle  Business, " 

in  Bureau  of  Statistics,  Internal  Commerce,  1885,  part 

III.    For  critical  review  see  New  York  Nation,  XLI,  15. 
Tenth  Census,  1880,  III,  951-1149. 
L.  G.  Connor,  " Sheep  Industry  in  the  United  States/'  in 

American  Historical  Association  Report,  1918,  I,  136-197 

(Maps). 
H.  A.  Heath,  Sheep  Industry  of  the  United  States,  in  Bureau 

of  Animal  Industries,  1892. 
P.  de  Roussieres,  American  Life,  chs.  1-4. 
X.  G.  Weiss,  Notes  recuillies  sur  les  elevages  d'animaux  dans 

les  etats  de  Pouest  de  PAmerique  du  nord. 
C.  M.  Harger,  "  Cattle  Trails  of  the  Prairies/'  in  Scribner's 

Magazine,  XI,  732. 
Report  of  Public  Land  Commission,  1905,  58  Cong.,  3  Sess., 

Sen.  Doc.  No.  189  (map  of  the  range). 
C.  W.  Wright,  Wool  Growing  and  the  Tariff,  ch.  7. 
Wm.  Shepherd,  Prairie  Experiences  in  Handling  Cattle  and 

Sheep. 
Consult  periodicals  devoted  to  animal  industries. 

The  Cowboy  Frontier 

A.  B.  Paine,  Captain  Bill  McDonald. 
A.  J.  Sowell,  Texas  Rangers. 

A.  Chapman,  "  The  Men  Who  Tamed  the- Cow  Towns/7  in 
Outing,  XLV,  131. 


143 

W.  J.  L.  Sullivan,  Twelve  Years  in  the  Saddle  for  Law  and 
Order. 

E.  Talbot,  My  People  of  the  Plains. 

Charles  Michelson,   "  War  for  the  Range,"  in  Munsey's, 

XXVIII,  380. 

J.  A.  Lomax,  Cowboy  Songs. 
0.  Wister,  The  Virginian.     (Historical  fiction.) 
Frederick  Remington,  Pony  Tracks;  see  his  illustrations  in 

Bunch  of  Buckskins  and  in  Collier's. 

Railroads 

John  Moody,  The  Railroad  Builders,  chs.  8,  10. 
L.   H.   Haney,   Congressional  History  of  Railways,   1850- 
1887,  ch.  9. 

F.  Spearman,  Strategy  of  Great  Railroads. 

S.  Daggett,  Southern  Pacific  Railroad;    and  Railroad  Re- 
organization, ch.  6. 

G.  D.  Bradley,  Story  of  the  Santa  Fe. 

XLVII.   THE  POPULISTS,  1890-1896 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  262. 

F.  L.  McVey,  Populist  Movement. 
*S.  J.  Buck,  Agrarian  Crusade,  chs.  8-13. 
E.  Stanwood,  Presidency,  chs.  30-31. 

E.  E.  Sparks,  National  Development,  137-146,  151-153. 

D.  R.  Dewey,  National  Problems,  76-80,  220-237,  244-246, 

252-276,  314-328,  337  (bibliography). 

D.  R.  Dewey,  Financial  History,  403-409,  436-450,  458-462. 
A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years  of  American  Finance,  chs.  7-9,  11. 
J.  A.  Woodburn,  Political  Parties,  110-130. 
H.  Croly,  Marcus  Hanna,  chs.  13-19. 

F.  E.  Haynes,   James  B.  Weaver,  chs.  14-16;    and  Third 
Party  Movements  Since  the  Civil  War,  part  iv;    and 


144 

"New  Sectionalism/'  in  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics, 

X,  269. 
C.    F.    Emerick,    "  Agricultural    Discontent/'    in    Political 

Science  Quarterly,  XII,  433,  601;  XII,  93. 
F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  ch.  7. 
W.  J.  Lauck,  Panic  of  1893. 
W.  J.  Bryan,  First  Battle. 
W.  V.  Byars,  An  American  Commoner  [Bland]. 
F.  W.  Taussig,  Silver  Situation. 
M.  S.  Wildman,  Money  Inflation,  173-215. 

Consult  the  magazines.     The  Arena  had  much  Popu- 

listic  literature. 

XLVIII.   THE  NEW  WEST,  1900-1910 

General  Reading 

Guide,  page  577;  see  also  §§  272,  273. 

W.  J.  Trimble,  "  The  Influence  of  the  Passing  of  the  Public 
Lands/'  in  Atlantic  Monthly,  CXIII,  755  (June,  1914). 

C.  M.  Harger,  "  The  Passing  of  the  Promised  Land,"  in 
Atlantic,  CIV,  461. 

Cleveland  and  Schafer,  Democracy  in  Reconstruction,  ch.  1. 

J.  L.  Coulter,  "  Agricultural  Development  in  the  United 
States,  1900-1910,"  in  Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics, 
XXVII,  1-26;  and  Bulletin  of  the  Thirteenth  Census, 
Agriculture :  United  States,  Abstract  —  Farms  and  Farm 
Property. 

E.  A.  Ross,  "  Changing  America,"  chs.  8-11. 

F.  A.   Fetter,   "  Population   or  Prosperity,"   in   American 
Economic  Review,  III,  Supplement,  p.  5. 

B.  H.  Hibbard,  "  Tenancy  in  the  North  Central  States,"  in 
Quarterly  Journal  of  Economics,  XXV;  and  "  Tenancy 
in  the  Western  States,"  ibid.,  XXVI,  363. 

J.  B.  Ross,  "  Agrarian  Changes  in  the  Middle  West,"  in 
Political  Science  Quarterly,  XXV,  625;  and  "Agrarian 
Revolution,"  in  North  American  Review,  CXC,  376. 


145 

H.  C.  Nicholas,  "  Solid  Basis  of  Agricultural  Prosperity,"  in 

Van  Norden's  Magazine,  II,  108. 
W.  B.  Thornton,   "  Revolution  by  Farm  Machinery,"  in 

World's  Work,  VI,  3766. 
H.  N.   Casson,   "  New  American  Farmer,"   in  Review  of 

Reviews,  XXXVII,  598;  and  Romance  of  the  Reaper. 


W.  S.  Harwood,  New  Earth. 


T.  B.  Collins,  New  Agriculture. 

A.  C.  Laut,  "  End  of  Free  Land,"  in  Collier's,  XLVII,  15. 

The  Northwest 

Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Agricultural  Oppor- 
tunities, The  North  Central  States  (Eastern  Group); 
and,  ibid.,  The  North  Central  States  (Western  Group); 
and,  ibid.,  The  Western  States  (Northern  Group). 

J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of  Progress;  and  in  World's  Work, 
1909,  passim  (with  illustrations). 

S.  A.  Thompson,  "  Great  Northwest,"  in  Review  of  Reviews, 
VIII,  524. 

L.  Denisdn,  "  The  Newest  United  States  "  [opening  the 
Rosebud  Indian  Reservation],  in  American  Magazine, 
LXVII,  384. 

The  Southwest 

Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Agricultural  Oppor- 
tunities, The  South-Central  States;  and,  ibid.,  The 
Western  States  (Southern  Group). 

F.  W.  Blackmar,  "Kansas  after  the  Drought,"  in  Review  of 
Reviews,  XXIV,  314;  and  "History  of  the  Desert,"  in 
Kansas  Historical  Collections,  IX,  101. 

B.  S.  McGuire,  "  Big  Oklahoma,"  in  National  Geographic 
Magazine,  XVII,  103. 

B.   F.   Yoakum,   "Ten  Years  of  Oklahoma,"   in  World's 

Work,  XXI,  13928. 
E.  Hough,  "  Oklahoma,"  in  Appleton's  Magazine,  IX7  387f 


U6 

M.  G.  Cunniff,  "  Texas  and  the  Texans,"  in  World's  Work, 
XI,  7267;  and  "  Oklahoma/'  ibid.,  XII,  7603. 

R.  E.  Rinehart,  "  Seizing  the  Desert's  Last  Stronghold,"  in 
World's  Work,  XV,  10147. 

George  Thomas,  Development  of  Institutions  under  Irriga- 
tion. 

G.  W.  Ogden,  "  Newest  Land  of  Promise,"  in  Everybody's, 
XVII,  654. 

A.  Kaufman,  "  Southwestward,  Ho!  "  ibid.,  XXII,  723. 

D.  H.  MacAdam,  "  Enter  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,"  in 
Metropolitan,  XXIV,  627. 

Pacific  Coast 

Guide,  §§  264,  268. 

H.  M.  Chittenden,  "  Ports  of  the  Pacific,"  in  Transactions  of 
American  Society  of  Engineers,  LXXVI,  155. 

Department  of  Commerce  and  Labor,  Agricultural  Oppor- 
tunities, Western  States  (Northern  Group);  and,  ibid., 
Western  States  (Southern  Group). 

Encyclopedia  Britannica,  llth  edition,  articles  on  the 
various  Pacific  Coast  states  and  Alaska. 

K.  B.  Judson,  Index  to  Pacific  Northwest  and  Alaska  as 
found  in  U.  S.  Government  Docs.  (1913). 

The  Mining  Frontier 

B.  M.  Rastall,  Labor  History  of  the  Cripple  Creek  District. 
Harry  Orchard,  "  Confession,"  in  McClure's,  XXIX. 

C.  P.   Connolly,    "The  Fight  of  the  Copper  Kings,"   in 
McClure's,  XXIX,  passim;  and  "  Story  of  Montana,"  in 
McClure's,  XXVIII. 

A.  E.  Thomas,  "  Goldfield,"  in  Putnam's  Monthly,  I,  658. 
C.  H.  Matson,  "  Awakening  of  Nevada,"  in  Review  of  Re- 
views, XXXIV,  56. 
Report  of  the  Industrial  Commission,  XII,  XIX,  201, 


147 

E.  Lutrell,  Bibliographical  List  ...  on  Arizona. 

Mary  Austin,  Coeur  d'Alene  (fiction). 

The  recent  normal  economic  development  of  the  mining 
region  must  be  sought  in  scattered  material,  such  as  The 
Mineral  Industry;  Report  of  Twelfth  Census,  Mines 
and  Quarries;  United  States  Geological  Survey,  Mineral 
Resources  (annual);  Report  of  the  National  Conserva- 
tion Commission,  III;  financial,  trade,  and  engineering 
journals  (such  as  Transactions  of  the  American  Institute 
of  Mining  Engineering;  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal; 
Mining  World;  Engineering  Magazine,  etc.),  society 
transactions,  and  manuals  for  investors;  reports  of  state 
bureaus;  periodical  literature,  and  current  books  and 
articles  listed  in  such  publications  as  the  Reader's  Guide, 
Poolers  Index,  University  of  Chicago,  Bibliography  of 
Economics  (annual),  and  American  Historical  Association, 
Writings  in  American  History  (annual). 

Emigration  to  Canada 

S.  E.  Moffet,  Americanization  of  Canada. 

Reports  of  [Canadian]  Superintendent  of  Immigration. 

Interior  Department  [Canadian]  Immigration  Facts  and 
Figures. 

Commissioner  General  of  Immigration  [United  States],  Re- 
port, 1912. 

Immigration  Commission  Report,  The  Immigration  Situa- 
tion in  Canada. 

Canadian  pioneering  experience  affords  a  useful  basis  for 
comparison  with  American.  There  are  now  many 
books  devoted  to  Canadian  frontier  experience,  including 
economic  extension  to  the  west. 

Descriptions  and  Illustrations 

Recent  and  contemporaneous  conditions  are  shown  in 
United  States  Census,  1910;  railroad  literature,  such  as 


148 

immigration  and  tourist  pamphlets;  periodicals,  such  as 
World's  Work,  Collier's,  Sunset,  and  others  reached 
through  the  indexes  cited  in  Guide,  pages  24-34,  585 
note. 

XLIX.   COMBINATIONS  AND  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE 

WEST 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  269. 

A.  D.  Noyes,  Forty  Years  of  American  Finance,  chs.  11-14; 
and    "  Future  of  High  Finance,"  in  Atlantic,  CV,  229. 

C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Concentration  and  Control,  105-107,  111- 
120,  129-132,  150-166. 

B.  J.  Hendrick,  Age  of  Big  Business. 
John  Moody,  Masters  of  Capital. 

E.  T.  B.  Ferine,  Story  of  the  Trust  Companies. 

J.  Moody  and   G.  K.  Turner,  "  Masters   of  Capital,"   in 

McClure's,  XXXVI,  3,  123,  334,  564;  XXXVII,  73,  185, 

418. 

A.  Youngman,  Economic  Causes  of  Great  Fortunes. 
G.  Myers,  Great  American  Fortunes. 
R.  S.  Baker,  Our  New  Prosperity. 
J.  L.  Laughlin,  Industrial  America. 
L.  H.  Haney,  Business  Organization  and  Combination. 

0.  W.  Knauth,  Policy  of  the  United  States  toward  Industrial 
Monopoly. 

Larned,  History  for  Ready  Reference,  VII,  116-135,  263- 
270. 

Petroleum 

1.  Tarbell,  History  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company. 
G.  H.  Montague,  Standard  Oil. 

J.  D.  Rockefeller,  Random  Reminiscences. 
Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Reports  on  Petroleum  In- 
dustry and  Transportation  of  Petroleum. 
Supreme  Court  Decision  in  Standard  Oil  Case,  1912, 


149 


Iron  Ore 

Andrew  Carnegie,  Autobiography. 

J.  H.  Bridge,  Carnegie  Steel  Company. 

H.  L.  Wilgus,  United  States  Steel  Corporation. 

A.  Berglund,  United  States  Steel  Corporation. 

H.  R.  Mussey,  Combinations  in  Mining  Industry. 

Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  the  Steel  Industry. 

Hearings  before  Committee  on  Investigation  of  United 
States  Steel  Corporation,  62  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  House  Re- 
port No.  1127. 

Timber 

Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  the  Timber 
Industry. 

Beet  Sugar 

Hearings  and  Report  of  Committee  of  House  of  Representa- 
tives to  Investigate  the  American  Sugar  Refining  Com- 
pany, 62  Cong.,  2  Sess. 

R.  G.  Blakey,  United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry  and  the 
Tariff. 

Meat  Products 

Report  of  the  Federal  Trade  Commission  on  the  Meat-Pack- 

ing  Industry,  parts  i-iii  (1919). 

J.  0.  Armour,  Packers,  Private  Car  Lines,  and  People. 
C.  E.  Russell,  The  Greatest  Trust  in  the  World. 
R.  S.  Baker,  "  Railroads  on  Trial,"  in  McClure's,  XXVI,  318. 
Commissioner  of  Corporations,  Report  on  the  Beef  Industry. 

Transportation 

E.  R.  Johnson,  American  Railway  Transportation,  chs.  5,  17. 

F.  H.  Spearman,  Strategy  of  Great  Railroads. 
S.  Daggett,  Railway  Reorganization. 

B.  H.  Meyer,  History  of  Northern  Securities  Case. 


150 

J.  Moody  and  G.  K.  Turner,   "  Masters  of  Capital/'  in 

McClure's,  XXXVI,  123,  334. 
C.  M.  Keys,  "  Harriman,  the  Building  of  His  Empire,"  in 

World's  Work,  XIII,  8537;    and  "New  Democracy  of 

Business,"  ibid.,  XXV,  400. 
A.  W.  Atwood,  "  Great  Express  Monopoly,"  in  American 

Magazine,  LXXI,  427. 

Water  .. 

Commissioner   of   Corporations,    Report   on  Water   Power 
Development. 

George  Thomas,  Development  of  Institutions  under  Irriga- 
tion. 

C.  S.  Kinney,  Law  of  Irrigation  and  Water  Rights  (1912). 

H.  H.  B.  Meyer,  List  of  References  on  Water  Rights  and  the 
Control  of  Waters. 

Credit 

J.  Moody  and  G.  K.  Turner,   "  Masters  of  Capital,"  in 

McClure's,  XXXVI,  564;  XXXVII,  73,  185,  418. 
A.  D.  Noyes,  "  Money  Trust,"  in  Atlantic,  CXI,  653. 
L.  D.  Brandeis,  Other  Peoples'  Money. 
Hearings  and  Report  of  the  [Pujo]  Committee  of  the  House 

of  Representatives  on  Banking  and  Currency  (1913). 
Letter  from  Messrs.  J.  P.  Morgan  &  Co.,  in  response  to  the 

Invitation    of    the    Sub-committee,    New    York    City, 

February  25,  1913. 

L.   CONSERVATION  AND  THE  WEST 

General  Reading 
Guide,  §  273. 
*C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  of  National  Resources,  1-16, 

et  passim. 

*R.  T.  Ely,  etc.,  Foundations  of  National  Prosperity. 
J.  J.  Hill,  Highways  of  Progress. 


151 

O.  W.  Price,  The  Land  We  Live  In. 

G.  Thomas,  Development  of  Institutions  under  Irrigation. 

C.  S.  Kinney,  Law  of  Irrigation  and  Water  Rights  (1912). 

G.  W.  James,  Reclaiming  the  Arid  West. 

United  States  Reclamation  Service,  16th  Annual  Report. 

W.  E.  Smythe,  Conquest  of  Arid  America. 

F.  H.  Newell,  Irrigation. 

J.  A.  Widtsoe,  Dry  Farming. 

F.  B.  Vrooman,  Roosevelt,  Dynamic  Geographer. 

American  Year  Book,  1910,  39-44,  293-311,  687,  688;  1911, 
53-56,  418-440. 

Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  XXXIII,  No.  3,  Con- 
servation of  Natural  Resources. 

Proceedings  of  a  Conference  of  Governors  in  the  White 
House,  May  13-15,  1908. 

National  Conservation  Commission  Report,  1909,  60  Cong., 
2  Sess.,  Sen.  Doc.  No.  676. 

National  Conservation  Congress  Proceedings,  1909-1911. 

H.  Quick,  On  Board  the  Good  Ship  Earth. 

Library  of  Congress,  Select  List  of  References  on  the  Con- 
servation of  Natural  Resources  of  the  United  States 
(ample  classified  bibliography). 

LI.   THE  PROGRESSIVES 

General  Reading 

Guide,  §  272. 

F.  J.  Turner,  "  United  States,  1865-1910,"  in  Encyclopedia 
Britannica,  XXVII,  733-735;  and  Frontier  in  American 
History,  chs.  9,  12;  and  "West  in  American  Politics,"  in 
McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern- 
ment, III,  668. 

B.  De  Witt,  The  Progressive  Movement. 

F.  E.  Haynes,  Third  Party  Movements  Since  the  Civil  War, 
part  ii. 


152 

E.  Stanwood,  History  of  the  Presidency  from  1897-1909. 

C.  A.  Beard,  Contemporary  American  History,  chs.  10-13. 

American  Year  Book,  table  of  contents  and  index  to  suc- 
cessive volumes,  1910-. 

McLaughlin  and  Hart,  Cyclopedia  of  American  Govern- 
ment, III,  74. 

J.  P.  Dolliver,  "  Forward  Movement,"  in  Outlook,  XCVI,  161. 

R.  M.  LaFollette,  Autobiography;  and  LaFollette's  Maga- 
zine. 

T.  Roosevelt,  Progressive  Principles. 

J.  B.  Bishop,  Theodore  Roosevelt  and  His  Times,  II,  chs. 
21-24. 

W.  Wilson,  The  New  Freedom. 

W.  E.  Dodd,  Woodrow  Wilson,  ch.  5. 

H.  Croly,  Promise  of  American  Life;  and  Progressive  Democ- 
racy. 

W.  E.  Weyl,  New  Democracy. 

B.  Adams,  Theory  of  Social  Revolutions. 

W.  J.  Bryan,  Tale  of  Two  Conventions;  and  Commoner 
Condensed. 

W.  H.  Taft,  Popular  Government. 

J.  L.  Lowell,  Public  Opinion  and  Popular  Government. 

E.  E.  Robinson,  "  Recent  Manifestations  of  Sectionalism," 
in  American  Journal  of  Sociology,  XIX,  446;  and  "  Dis- 
tribution of  the  Presidential  Vote  of  1912,"  ibid.,  XX,  18. 

P.  L.  Allen,  America's  Awakening. 

"  E.  S.,"  "  Mr.  Bryan,"  in  Atlantic,  CX,  289;  and  "  Mr. 
Roosevelt,"  ibid.,  577. 

J.  A.  Smith,  The  Spirit  of  American  Government. 

Linn  Haynes,  The  Senate  from  1907  to  1912. 

W.  A.  White,  The  Old  Order  Changeth. 

G.  W.  Alger,  The  Old  Law  and  the  New  Order. 

W.  L.  Ransom,  Majority  Rule  and  the  Judiciary. 

G.  E.  Howard,  Present  Political  Questions,  and  Analytical 
Reference  Syllabus  (University  of  Nebraska,  Lincoln, 
1913). 


153 


The  West  and  Popular  Government 

W.  B.  Munro,  Initiative,  Referendum  and  Recall. 
C.  E.  Merriam,  Primary  Elections. 

C.  A.  Beard,  Initiative,  Referendum  and  Recall  Documents. 
R.  L.  Owen,  Code  of  the  People's  Rule,  61  Cong.,  2  Sess., 
Sen.  Doc.  No.  603. 

E.  M.  Bacon  and  M.  Wyman,  Direct  Elections. 
A.  H.  Eaton,  The  Oregon  System. 

Charles  McCarthy,  Wisconsin  Idea. 

F.  A.  Howe,  Wisconsin,  an  Experiment  in  Democracy. 
Franklin    Hichborn,   "  Story    of    California  Legislature   of 

1909";  ibid,  of  1912. 

P.  0.  Ray,  Introduction  to  Political  Parties  and  Practical 
Politics  (bibliographies,  passim). 

LI  I.     THE  WEST  IN  THE  WORLD  WAR  AND 

RE  CONSTRUCTION 

General  Reading 

*Charles  Seymour,  Woodrow  Wilson  and  the  World  War. 

F.  L.  Paxson,  Recent  History  of  the  United  States. 

J.  B.  McMaster,  United  States  in  the  World  War,  1918;  and 

1918-20. 

W.  E.  Weyl,  American  World  Policies. 
Robinson  and  West,  Foreign  Policy  of  Woodrow  Wilson. 

A.  Capper,    "West    and    Preparedness,"    in    Independent, 
LXXXV,  49. 

P.  M.  Buck,  "Pacifism  in  the  Middle  West,"  in  New  York 

Nation,  CIV,  595.   See  also  ibid.,  732. 
H.  M.  Kallen,  "Democracy  vs.  The  Melting  Pot,"  in  ibid.,  C, 

190,  217;    see  also  "Politics,  Profits,  and  Patriotism  in 

Wisconsin,"  in  ibid.,  CVI,  257. 

B.  H.  Hibbard,  Effects  of  the  Great  War  upon  Agriculture, 
3-164. 


154 

Department  of  Agriculture  Yearbook;  see  also  Bulletins. 
W.  Eldred,  "Wheat  and  Flour  Trade  Control/'  in  Quarterly 

Journal    of    Economics,    XXXIII,    1.     See    also    ibid., 

XXXIV,  698. 
C.  R.  Van  Hise,  Conservation  and  Regulation  in  the  United 

States  during  the  World  War. 
*C.  M.  Harger,  "  Middle  West's  Peace  Problems,"  in  Atlantic 

Monthly,  CXXIII,  555. 
O.  E.  Baker,  "  Conditions  Determining  Land  Utilization,"  in 

Annals  Association  of  American  Geographers,  XI,  17. 
C.  0.  Sauer,  "Problem  of  Land  Classification,"  in  ibid.,  XI,  3. 
0.  E.  Baker  and  H.  M.  Strong,  "Arable  Land  in  United 

States,"  in  Department  of  Agriculture  Yearbook,  1918, 

No.  771. 

Agricultural  Unrest  —  The  Non-Partisan  League 

B.  M.  Baruch,  "Some  Aspects  of  Farmers'  Problems,"  in 
Atlantic  Monthly,  CXXVIII,  111. 

H.  C.  Wallace,  "Farmer  and  His  Troubles,"  in  Current  His- 
tory, XV,  233. 

C.  E.  Russell,  Non-Partisan  League. 
H.  E.  Gaston,  Non-Partisan  League. 
A.  A.  Bruce,  Non-Partisan  League. 

Agricultural  Credit  and  the  Federal  Farm  Loan  System 

J.  L.  Coulter,  Introduction  to  J.  B.  Mormon,  Principles  of 
Rural  Credits;  and  Problem  of  Rural  Credit  in  the 
United  States. 

A.  C.  Wiprud,  Federal  Farm  Loan  System  in  Operation. 

Federal  Farm  Loan  Board,  Annual  Reports  and  Circulars. 

Farm  Bureau  Movement  —  The  Farm  Bloc 

O.  M.  Kile,  Farm  Bureau  Movement. 

Report  of  the  Executive  Secretary  of  'the  Farm  Bureau 
Federation,  The  Federation's  Second  Year. 


155 

Report  of  the  National  Agricultural  Conferences,  Jan.  23-27, 
1922,  in  67  Cong.,  2  Sess.,  H.  R.  Doc.  195. 

Consult  speeches  in  Congressional  Record,  66th  and 
67th  Congress  of  Farm  Bloc  Senators,  i.  e.,  Capper,  Har- 
ris, Kellogg,  etc.  See  also  Poolers  Index  for  articles  in 
periodicals. 

LIII.   CONTEMPORANEOUS  WESTERN  IDEALS 
General  Reading 

E.  A.  Ross,  "  Changing  America/'  chs.  10-11;  and  "  Middle 
West/7  in  Century,  LXXIII,  passim. 

Guy  Emerson,  The  New  Frontier. 

A.  E.  Bostwick,  The  Different  West. 

Bliss  Perry,  The  American  Mind;   and  The  American  Spirit 

in  Literature,  ch.  10. 
M.  Nicholson,  Valley  of  Democracy;    and  The  Provincial 

American;   cf.  in  Atlantic,  CVII,  311. 

F.  Roz,  L'energie  americaine,  32-40. 

C.  McCarthy,  Wisconsin  Idea,  chs.  5,  6. 

J.  R.  Commons,  "  Utilitarian  Idealism,"  in  Western  Inter- 
collegiate Magazine,  December,  1909. 

G.  Showerman,    "  Ideal    Utilitarianism/ '   ibid.,    February, 
1910. 

F.  J.  Turner,  Frontier  in  American  History,  chs.  4,  7. 

W.  J.  Tucker,  "  Progress  of  the  Social  Conscience/7  in  At- 
lantic Monthly,  CXVI,  289. 

*C.  L.  Becker,  "Kansas,"  in  Turner  Essays,  ch.  4. 

W.  A.  White,  The  Real  Issue;  and  "Emporia  and  New 
York/7  in  American  Magazine,  LXIII,  258;  and  In  Our 
Town;  and  A  Certain  Rich  Man. 

F.  D.  Coburn,  Idylls  of  Kansas. 

D.  S.  Jordan,  California  and  Calif ornians. 
M,  L.  Sims,.  A  Hoosier  Village. 


156 

C.  W.  Thompson  and  G.  P.  Warber,  "  Social  and  Economic 
Survey  of  a  Rural  Township  in  Southern  Minnesota," 
in  University  of  Minnesota  Studies  in  Economics,  I. 

R.  W.  Service,  The  Spell  of  the  Yukon  [poems]. 

See  also  the  references  under  "  Progressives,"  above. 
These  citations  are  merely  by  way  of  suggestion.  In 
Western  poetry,  fiction,  essays,  addresses,  periodicals, 
newspapers,,  estimates  of  travellers  (Guide,  page  582), 
and  art,  there  is  abundant  material  for  the  study  of  this 
topic.  It  is  also  worth  while  to  examine  Eastern  litera- 
ture and  art  with  reference  to  the  influences  of  the  West. 


